An operating system (OS) is the software that controls the allocation and use of a computer's hardware. Operating system functions range from simple to complex—from helping a computer boot up, to supporting the use of multiple peripheral-devices and large software-applications. The operating system keeps components working in unison, acting as a communicator between the user and the computer's hardware and software.
What are an Operating System's Components?
The operating system is made up of three components: the user interface, the file management system , and the kernel (OS Executive).
- The User Interface
The operating system's user interface is what users see onscreen and interact with when giving a computer instructions and commands. A user communicates with a computer either by typing commands at a command prompt, or by issuing commands through a graphical user interface (GUI).
- The Kernel
The operating system's core is its kernel. The kernel's job is to regulate disk files, manage memory, program objectives and tasks, and program execution and processes. The kernel is considered the operating system's core because it controls the computer's hardware. It is also responsible for either directly activating computer hardware or for interfacing with software that drives the hardware.
- The File Management System
The file management system is the operating system's organizer, arranging files in a hierarchical tree-like structure called the root directory. Files are collections of data with single, logical names.
Filename extensions identify the type of file. For example, the .txt extension on a file identifies a text file while .jpg, .bmp, and .gif extensions identify graphics files.
Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard or mouse, sending output to the video screen or printer, keeping track of files on drives, and controlling peripherals (printers and modems).
How does an Operating System work?
A computer's operating system takes charge of important activities from the boot up process to the shutdown process. During the startup (boot) routine, the computer looks for the operating system. Once found, the operating system is loaded into RAM and can then respond to directions from the user or applications.
The operating system manages memory; saves, deletes, and retrieves data; arranges to display data on the monitor; sends data to the printer; responds to keystrokes; recognizes mouse clicks; and reads and writes data to hard and floppy disks.
