A

Above Ceiling Air-Conditioning System - An air conditioning unit located above the ceiling with ceiling vents to provide channels for the cool air to enter a room or space. To optimize this type of system, make sure the vents are pointed toward equipment.

A cable - An A cable is another name for a 50-pin connector used for SCSI drives. An Alternative 2, A cable is a large Centronics connector, while the Alternative 1, A cable is a smaller 50-pin connector.

Active directory - Current file configuration.

Active Termination - A more advanced and precise form of termination that uses voltage regulators to ensure proper termination.

Activity light - Signal that indicates how the hard drive is functioning.

Air-Conditioning System - Equipment designed to regulate air temperature by keeping a room cool. Usually these systems also help to regulate humidity.

Alerts - A method of sending notice when certain items occur.

Altair - An Intel 8080-based machine made by MITS and introduced to the public in 1974. It was the first popular microcomputer kit.

AMD - Advanced Micro Devices. Intel-clone-producing computer manufacturer.

AMR (Audio Modem Riser) - An expansion slot designed to accept an audio modem riser card. This allows manufacturers to inexpensively add sound and modem function to a computer. Some computers are manufactured with AMRs while other are manufactured with CNRs.

Anti-static bag - A special bag used to protect electronics from electrostatic discharge during storage.

Anti-static mat - A workspace mat designed to absorb static electricity, preventing electrostatic discharge.

Anti-static wrist guard - Used to prevent static electricity from passing to electronic components inside. They are used to help prevent ESD.

Apache - An open source, free Web server available for many different operating systems including Windows NT/2000, UNIX and Linux.

Application Event - Windows Event Viewer events are related to error in server application like DNS or DHCP

Application Server - Database and client interface that reduces the complexity of the client program

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - CPU component that does all the mathematical computations

Asynchronous - Not synchronized. That is, not occurring at predetermined or regular intervals. The term asynchronous describes communications in which data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream.

Athlon processor - Proprietary CPU of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

Attenuation - The opposite of amplification, the normal reduction of signal strength when sent from one point to another. If the signal attenuates too much, you cannot understand it.

Auditing - Process of tracking and monitoring the system and reviewing actions that have occurred in the server environment.

Auxiliary processor - Backup to the primary processor, that keeps track of what is going on with the primary processor.

Automatic termination - Terminators are placed at the ends of the SCSI chain to absorb the signal. Some advanced devices do this automatically.

B

Backbone - A larger transmission path in a network into which smaller lines feed.

Back Order - Business term used when demand outstrips supply so that insufficient numbers of the product are available.

Backup Domain Controller (BDC) - The BDC helps verify logon requests and can be promoted to PDC in the event that the PDC is taken offline.

Backup media - Disk or tape that contains a copy of files for backup purposes.

Backup media storage - CD-RWs or tapes used to as backup source for data storage.

Backdoor (slang) - An undocumented means of entering a system, usually placed by a programmer for testing or future unauthorized use.

Bandwidth - The difference between the highest and lowest frequency available for communication system transmission.

Baseband transmission - A communication technique in which a single signal (such as digital network data) is placed on a cable. Most LANs use baseband transmissions.

Baseline documentation - see baseline reports

Baseline reports - Data readings on a normally functioning network.

Basic Input Output System (BIOS) - The BIOS provides the bare essentials of programming needed to allow basic computer hardware to communicate with an operating system.

B cable - A high-density 68-pin connector used in Wide (16-bit) SCSI-2 busses. It needed to be combined with an A cable to work correctly.

Binary numbers - A numbers system based on only two digits: 0 and 1. All values are expressed as combinations of these two numbers. For example, the letter A is expressed as 1000001.

Biometric system - A security system that uses unique personal characteristic such as retina scans, fingerprint scans or vocal samples to either grant or deny access.

BIOS - Basic Input/Output System is built-in software that determines what a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. It contains all code that is required to control the display screen, disk drives, keyboard, serial communications, and a number of miscellaneous functions

BNC Connectors - A connector used with coaxial cabling

Bootable CDs - Compact disk read only memory. Removable round, flat disk media designed to store up to 650 MB, as much as 542 Mac or 465 PC floppy disks. CD-ROMs are sometimes called simply "CDs.

Bootable floppy disks - Removable reusable magnetic storage media used by floppy disk drives to read and write data. Also called "diskettes.

Bootable SCSI - A bus interface standard initially ratified in 1986. SCSI uses a 50-pin connector and allows up to 8 devices to be connected in a daisy-chain. SCSI's 1986 version is

Bootable - Able to load and start the operating system on a computer.

Bottleneck - Delay of data transmission often caused when a system’s bandwidth cannot handle the amount of data being processed.

Branch prediction - Technique that enables the CPU to analyze and predict what future needs will occur to allow data to process more efficiently.

Broadcast Storm - Occurs when a net message results in even more responses, with a resulting snowball effect.

Bridge servers - Server that links two LAN segments together

Bus topology - A network that connects all devices along a single piece of cabling.

Business analysts - Specialists in business concepts and procedures.

Business impact analysis report - Document created by business specialist that analyzes the effects of disasters on the business and sets up priorities.

C

C - A unique Unix operating system shell

Cable length - One areas that is a possible cause of SCSI malfunctions.

Cable organizer - A device used to arrange cables in an organized manner.

Cabling scheme - Systematic way of organizing network cable.

CAD applications - Refers to Computer Aided Design software, most often used by engineers, architects, and others in graphical design work.

Capacitors - An electronic device that can store electrical charge. It is the basis of a dynamic RAM cell. Capacitors are also used for power supply smoothing or decoupling.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) - Technology used for contention-based networks that senses traffic on network lines before a packet is sent.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) - A means used to handle collisions on a network. Devices transmit data whenever they need to, but when a collision occurs, the transmitting nodes wait a random amount of time and then transmit again. CSMA/CD is most often associated with Ethernet.

Cat 5 - Slang for category five. Cat 5 defines twisted-pair cabling that meets or exceeds the requirements for 100Mbps transmissions.

Category 5 unshielded-twisted pair (UTP) - A form of twisted pair cabling that has no protective shielding from electromagnetic interference. CAT5 UTP (as it is often abbreviated) is most often used in 100Mb/s Ethernet networks.

CD-R drives - A peripheral device that uses a read and write optical storage medium.

CD-RW - CD that can be read and written over, erased, and re-used indefinitely.

Ceiling Plenum Air-Conditioning System - This type of system distributes cool air from the ceiling through perforated ceiling tiles. Because the cool air comes from above, it keeps rising hot air from accumulating and raising the overall temperature of a room.

Celeron - Somewhat slower than Intel Pentium models but based on the same P6 architecture, the Intel CPU designed for lower cost personal computers.

Cell Blocks - Fixed sized data packet

Channel - When discussing IDE, a channel is an IDE controller that is capable of supporting two devices.

Chipset - Integrated circuits on a motherboard that dictate a motherboard's main features and specifications, including, the CPU, RAM and expansion boards.

CISC - Most personal computers use the Complex Instruction Set Computer architecture, for which the CPU supports up to two hundred instructions.

CISC processor - A CPU that supports CISC architecture

Climate - The environmental conditions prevalent in an area or region. It is important to control the climate of a server room to keep servers in optimal condition.

Client Computer - Non server computer on a network

Clock Cycle - The number of times per second that a SCSI bus can transfer data.

Clock Speed - The number of times per second that a SCSI bus can transfer data.

Closed Bridge - Refers to a jumper, marked by a "1" in binary code.

Clustering - Connecting two or more computers together so that they behave like a single computer.

CMOS (Central Processing Unit) - The CPU, also called the processor, performs most of the calculations for a system from instructions provides by programs.

CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) - Allows manufacturers to inexpensively add sound, networking and modem function to a computer. Some computers are manufactured with CNRs while others are manufactured with AMRs.

Coaxial cable - Coaxial cable is thick cabling composed of a central wire embedded in insulation, surrounded by braided wire used for grounding.

Cold site - A backup site that is basically an empty office, where services can be moved in the event of a disaster.

Collision - A collision occurs when multiple devices on a network transmit at the same time and the transmissions collide. Transmissions that collide are scrambled.

Command line - Coded message to instruct the computer to perform a specific task

Command line entries - User commands to be typed according to Dos-specific codes to summon a DOS function. Commands will vary from system to system.

Command Prompt - A point from which the user can issue commands

Compatibility - Interoperability across different platforms and systems.

Condensation - The accumulation of airborne moisture onto certain surfaces. An example of condensation is the water that beads up on a cold soda can on a warm humid day.

Conductor Cable - Wiring used to carry data between two devices.

Connectivity - Program or device’s ability to link with other devices.

Connector Pins - The pins that interface on the connecting portion of cables.

Copy - Backup method that backs up selected files, but it does not leave a marker to denote the point where it ends.

Copycat Chip - Other proprietary microchips that behave identically.

Counters - Statistics engine that provides figures on various performance objects.

Counter logs - Long term tool to track system and network trends.

CPU (Central Processing Unit) - The CPU, also called the processor, performs most of the calculations for a system from instructions provide by programs.

Crash - When a hard drive or a program suddenly fails to work while it is running, it is said to have "crashed.

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) - Common technique for detecting data transmission errors.

Crimp tool - A tool used to fuse a connector (such as an RJ-45 connector) to a piece of cabling (such as UTP).

CSMA/CD - Acronym for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection. A set of rules determining how network devices are to respond when two devices attempt to use a data channel simultaneously. CSMA/CD is the IEEE 802.3 standard used in Ethernets.

Cyber door (slang) - A way of accessing a system (through a network, modem, etc.)

Cyber predator (slang) - People who use computers to cause harm to people, Web sites, other computers and computer systems.

D

Daily Copy - Backup method that backs up files and folders that have changed that day.

Daisy chain - Term used to describe the bus topology of floppy drives, IDE hard drive, and especially SCSI hard drives where every device is arranged linearly in a long line on a ribbon cable.

Dataflow Analysis - Identifying and documenting how data moves around an information system

Data packets - A packet of data transmitted on a network.

Databases - Electronic filing system.

Database hosting - Site that stores a database and provides services.

Database Servers - Server that maintains a database.

Data closet - Data closets serve as distribution points, usually from a network backbone to workstations. In general, backbones connect to a switches in a data closet. From the data closet, cables run to individual workstations, or in the case of large networks, to other data closets.

Dedicated devices - Any devise that grants exclusive service to a specific client or function.

Defragmenting - Rearranging your fragmented files and the free space on your computer so that files are stored in adjacent units and free space is consolidated in one adjoining block. This also improves access time to files that are now contiguous.

Dehumidifier - A device used to remove moisture from a room’s atmosphere.

Device - Any network node with an IP address.

Device ID - A number assigned to a SCSI device to differentiate it from other devices on the SCSI chain. Devices cannot share device IDs.

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol assigns IP numbers dynamically to network devices.

Diagnostic boot disk - Disk that scans hardware (e.g., the processor, memory, hard drives, ports and BIOS settings) and reports problems.

Diagnostic tool - Equipment that helps identify problems.

Differential - Backup method that is the same as Incremental, but it does not leave a marker.

DIMM - Abbreviation for dual in-line memory module. It is a small circuit board that holds memory chips. A DIMM as a 64-bit path to the memory chip in contrast to a single in-line memory module of SIMM which only has a 32-bit path to the memory chips.

Diode - Electronic device, often used as a rectifier, that has two electrodes or terminals.

Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM) - Faster technology developed by the Rambus, Inc. company that Intel now uses for Pentium III and IV.

Disk fragmentation - Rearrangement of your fragmented files and the free space on your computer so that files are stored in adjacent units and free space is consolidated in one adjoining block. This also improves access time to files that are now contiguous.

Disaster recovery - A plan that includes detailed documentation that references setup and configuration information for all network hardware and software, so that the network can be restored to working order.

Disaster Recovery Plan document - Detailed description of exactly what needs to happen from the first moment a disaster strikes, to resumption of network activities.

Disaster recovery team - Group of people in charge of implementing the recovery plan to manage the recovery process, ensure safety, and make it possible for the business to continue.

.dll file - API routine that User-mode applications access through ordinary procedure calls. The code for the API routine is not included in the user's executable image. Instead, the operating system automatically points the executable image to the DLL procedures at run time.

DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) - A DMZ is a small network with less restrictive firewall rules than the rest of the network. Usually, servers accessed by outsiders from the Internet are placed in the DMZ to limit potential damage from an attack.

DNS - The Domain Name System (DNS) resolves Fully Qualified Domain Names into IP addresses.

DNS servers - Name resolution software that allows users to locate computers on the Internet or UNIX by domain name.

Domain names - The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. An individual domain name identifies one or more IP addresses.

Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM (DDR SDRAM) - Faster version of SDRAM

Double Data Rate Transfers - Allows SCSI buses to perform two operations per clock cycle.

DOS - Disk Operating System. Most often referring to MS-DOS, which was the standard operating system developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible personal computers.

Download - To copy data from a main source to a peripheral device.

Drivers - A utility or program that controls another device. Individual drivers allow the computer to utilize specific devices, such as printers or disk drives.

DVD - Digital Versatile (or Video) Disks holds between 4.7 – 17 GB, which is enough for a full length motion picture.

Dynamic - Refers to something that changes.

Dynamic Execution - Combination of three features: Multiple Branch Prediction, Dataflow Analysis and Speculative Execution

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server - Server that handles DHCP resolution. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that lets network administrators manage centrally and automate the assignment of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses in an organization's network.

Dynamic IP address - Internet Protocol address is a 32 bit binary number that identifies a host connected to the Internet for communication purposes. The term dynamic means that it can change.

Dynamic link library (DLL) - API routines that User-mode applications access through ordinary procedure calls. The code for the API routine is not included in the user's executable image. Instead, the operating system automatically points the executable image to the DLL procedures at run time.

E

ECC - Error Correcting Code memory tests the accuracy of data that passes in and out of memory.

Echoes - Bouncing back of data transmission.

Electronic locks - Feature of multi-user computer systems to provide security by blocking access to certain files.

Electronic resources - Data stored electronically in files

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) - A rapid flow or spark of electricity generated from an area with a large buildup of electrons to an area with less electrons.

EMI - Electromagnetic Interference

Encryption - A process whereby data is encoded so that it cannot be viewed by unauthorized users.

Engaged - Indicates that the computer or device is working at a task.

Error recovery - Systematic way of retrieving files when errors occur.

Ethernet - Currently the most popular technology for computer networking. An Ethernet can take either a bus or star configuration.

Ethernet 10 - Common Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) standard that uses a twisted-pair cable with a maximum length of 100 meters. Also called Twisted-Pair Ethernet.

802.3 Ethernet frame format - Common Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) standard that uses a twisted-pair cable with a maximum length of 100 meters. Also called Twisted-Pair Ethernet.

Ethernet LANs - The most common logical architecture for a LAN, Ethernet networks share bandwidth with all devices on the same segment. Ethernet is very flexible, but poorly designed or mismanaged Ethernet LANs can suffer from collision problems.

Ethernet segment - A section of an Ethernet network bounded by bridges, routers, or switches. Dividing an Ethernet into multiple segments is one of the most common ways of increasing available bandwidth on the LAN.

Ethernet standard - Currently the most popular technology for computer networking. An Ethernet can take either a bus or star configuration.

Event ID - One of the categories that helps as a shortcut in Windows Event Viewer.

Expansion card - Circuit boards that connect to designated slots in a computer. These boards are used to increase the functionality of a computer.

Expansion slot - An opening located inside the system unit designed to hold an expansion card, used to expand the computer’s capabilities.

EXT - Linux file system

Extended Data Out (EDO) DRAM - Extended Data Out DRAM or EDO-DRAM. It is a type of DRAM designed to access nearby memory locations faster than FPM DRAM. It allows the data outputs to be kept active after the CAS\ signal goes inactive by using an additional signal OE\ to control the data outputs.

Extended Data Output RAM - A type of DRAM that is faster than the usual DRAM. EDO RAM can copy an entire block of memory to its internal cache unlike conventional DRAM that only allows one byte to be read at a time. It is faster because the memory can collect a new block to send while the processor is accessing the cache. For EDO RAM to operate faster, the cache controller must support a transfer mode known as pipeline burst.

Eye print - A biometric system based on the characteristics of the eye. Either the retina or iris is scanned to open a lock.

F

Failure - Windows 2000 Event Viewer event that indicates most severe event.

Fail over - A fault tolerant mechanism that enables a primary system to automatically switch to a backup system during an unexpected power outage or shutdown.

Fast Ethernet - 100BaseT Ethernet standard that is 10 times faster than the standard Ethernet.

Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM - Enhanced version of Dynamic Random Access Memory

Fast/Wide SCSI-2 - Standard that introduced a 10MHz clock and a 16-bit bus as part of the third generation of SCSI-2 technology.

Fault tolerance - A system’s ability to continue to function with little or no interruption in service after a potentially fatal hardware or software problem. Depending on the fault tolerant configuration, however, the system may suffer from reduced performance.

Fax server - Network server that manages FAX services

FDISK - A DOS program file used to partition and activate hard drives for operating system install. Usually operates on any FAT or variant hard drive, but will not on other operating system file system disks such as Windows NT NTFS or Unix AFS.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) - A token passing network architecture that uses fiber optic lines to transmit data at 100Mbps. It can support more users and is a very fast networking architecture.

Fiber optic - Fiber optic cabling consists of a glass or plastic core surrounded by a protective material. Fiber optic cabling transmits light instead of electricity.

Field Replacement Unit - General term that vendors use to identify easily replaceable components (e.g., hard drives and memory).

File allocation table FAT - A index table C:\Program Files\Microsoft FrontPage\temp\table.htm that the operating system C:\Program Files\Microsoft FrontPage\temp\operating_system.htm uses to locate files on a disk drive. A file may be divided into many sections that are scattered around the disk since they are written randomly to clusters. This index table tracks the pieces.

File and print servers - Network server that provides a centralized area from which to store files and share printers.

File and print sharing - Ability of two or more networked computers to share files and printers.

File systems - The server’s method for saving and securing data.

Firewall - A system designed to prevent computers communicating directly with computers outside the network unless access is authorized.

Firewall Servers - A program or hardware device designed to use rules to allow or deny data packets into or out of a network.

Firmware - Software that resides on a computer's ROM to facilitate communication between hardware and the rest of a computer's subsystems.

FixPaks - Updates for OS/2

Forced-Perfect Termination (FPT) - An improvement over Active Termination, FPT provides the most effective termination for a SCSI chain.

Fortune 500 - Business magazine. Any company labeled a "Fortune 500" company is large and well-known.

Freezes - Synonymous with computer "crash."

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Servers - Server that facilitates transfer of documents between different computers on the TCP/IP network.

FTP client - One of the nodes that receives transferred documents between different computers on the TCP/IP network.

FTP packet - Datagram that contains documents between different computers on the TCP/IP network.

Full-duplexed - The ability of high performance modems to send and receive data over a phone line at the same time by sending data bits out on one wire while receiving data bits on the other wire in a two wire phone line.

Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) - FQDNs give the user an easy-to-remember name for a computer (such as a Web server or an FTP server). Microsoft’s Web server FQDN is www.microsoft.com.

G

Gateway - In general, gateways are used to link to dissimilar networks. For example, a gateway is needed to allow Microsoft networking clients to access files that are on a Novell Netware server.

Get - Command used by the NMS to fulfill requests for data from network devices.

GetBulk - Retrieval command used with large samplings of network statistics.

GetNext - Command used to script request/response processes for multiple devices.

Gigabit Ethernet - Very fast Ethernet that supports a 1000 Mbit transmission rate that is specified by the IEEE 802.3z standard.

Graphical bandwidth - Refers to the amount of graphical data that can be transmitted.

Graphical interface - An interface which uses pictures rather than just words to represent the input and output of a program. A GUI displays icons, buttons, and dialogue boxes for users to access and manipulate the computer’s functions.

Guarantee of service - Indicates that vital data will be safe, top secret information will not be mishandled, and that employees will be able to continue working despite a disastrous turn of events.

H

Hacker - Usually a hacker is someone with extreme interest and high-level abilities in dealing with computers. However, the term hacker more commonly describes someone who wishes to use computers for illegal purposes. Some hackers simply hack for the thrill without actually performing an illegal act. This type of hacker is called a "cracker."

Half duplex - A half-duplexed network allows data to travel to or from a device but not at the same time. CB radios are a good example of half duplexing, where one person calls out and then waits while the second person responds. Half-duplex Ethernet networks are subject to collision problems.

Hard drive bays - Housing that holds the computer hard drive.

Hardware profile - Computer system hardware specifications

Hardware drivers - A device used to write to and/or read information from magnetic platters or disks.

Hardware RAID - Faster RAID that requires a SCSI or IDE adapter equipped with a RAID-supported BIOS.

Heat Sink - Required on CPUs, a component designed to lower the temperature of a device.

High-level format - The process of placing an operating system’s file system onto a hard drive. After a hard drive becomes high-level formatted, it can store files.

High-Voltage Differential (HVD) - A signaling method used in SCSI. HVD uses two pins to send signals, each are mirror images of the other. This allows the signal to travel farther and resist interference. HVD can extend to 25 meters (27.3 yards). HVD is not very popular since HVD SCSI buses are incompatible with SE devices.

Hot-swappable hard drive bay - Space to swap devices while the power is on.

Hot site - A site that will continue in event of disaster because it has fully functional backup location with everything necessary to keep a business going if there is a problem at the main site.

Hot site provider - Service that keeps a hot site going by organizing a secondary environment to specifications that resemble the main site as much as possible.]

Hot plug - A device, such as hard drive, that can be removed from or installed in a system, but service is interrupted. A hot plug is also known as a "warm swap" because the power remains on even though there is a pause in service.

Hot spare - Occurs when a component (usually a hard drive) is configured to automatically take over for a defective component at the time that the component fails.

Hot swap - Changing out, or swapping, failed equipment or components with new ones without interrupting service.

HPFS - High Performance File System for IBM’s OS/2.

Hub - A hub is a device that provides a central connection point for other devices on a LAN. A star network is an example of a network topology that uses a hub.

Humidifier - A device used to increase the amount of moisture in a room’s atmosphere.

Humidity - Percentage of moisture in the air.

Hybrid chip - A hybrid refers to a combination of features from two or more microchips.

Hybrid Sets - Combination of two or more sets.

Hybrid topology - A mixture of architectures that exist within a network.

Hyper-text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Widely used protocol to transfer information from Web servers to Web browsers.

I

IBM-compatible computer - Personal computer that follows the industry standard developed by IBM.

IBM OS/2 - An operating system jointly developed and introduced by Microsoft and IBM in 1987. Intended as a replacement for DOS, Microsoft and IBM followed different development paths after the initial release. IBM retained development rights and have continued development.

IDE (Integrated Drives Electronics) - A low-cost drive interface common in PCs. The IDE interfaces allows two storage devices (hard drives, CD-ROMs, tape drives, etc.) to be connected on a single shared cable. The Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) standard defines the IDE interface.

Identifier - Unique object name

Idling - Indicates that the computer or device is not working at a task and may have crashed.

IEEE 802.3 - The standard that defines Ethernet.

Incremental - Backup method that begins its backup from the point where the previous backup left a marker, eliminating redundancy.

Infrastructure - The underlying support structure for a system.

Inform - Command used by NMSs to send "trap" data from one network to another.

Information - Windows 2000 Event Viewer event that indicates the lightest severity.

Interface - Something that connects two separate entities, programs, devices, or programs to devices. Types of interfaces include devices, components, or programs.

Interface connector - Another term used for electrical leads that join two devices.

Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) - A mass storage device interface. IDE allows two devices per IDE channel.

Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) - A networking protocol that interconnects Novell networking clients.

InterNIC Registration Service - A joint project between AT&T and Network Solutions that registers domain names and IP addresses, provides educational services for the Internet community, maintains publicly accessible directory and database services, and has online publications of interest to Internet users.

Interoffice mail - Any organized mail system that stays within an organization.

I/O address - Identifying number in a range of numbers that comprises a device’s address in memory.

IP - Internet Protocol. Used to get information to its proper place on the TCP/IP network.

IP addresses - Internet Protocol address is a 32 bit binary number that identifies a host connected to the Internet for communication purposes.

IP conflict - Occurs when the server cannot locate a specific IP address.

IPX/SPX - A networking protocol that interconnects Novell networking clients while SPX is a transport layer protocol built on top of IPX.

IRQ - Another term used for a hardware interrupt or and interrupt request channel.

IPv4 - Current version of IP in wide use today.

IT Policy - Documentation that outlines the rules and procedures pertaining to an organization’s
information technology system.

J

K

Katmai New Instructions - See SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions)

Kernel - Heart of the operating system. The kernel launches applications and allocates system resources. Other functions controlled by the kernel include managing memory, files, peripheral devices, and maintaining date and time. Also called the OS Executive.

Keyboard-video mouse (KVM) switch - A KVM switch allows for multiple computers to be controlled by a single keyboard, mouse, and monitor. A dial or button is used to toggle between the different computers being controlled.

Keycard lock system - A security system in which a card (usually the size of a credit card) is coded and used to unlock a lock.

Korn - A unique Unix operating system shell.

KVM tray - The KVM tray is the place where a server's keyboard, video display and mouse reside.

L

LAN - A LAN is a network of interconnected workstations sharing the resources of a single processor or server within a relatively small geographic area.

LAN segments - A section of a network of interconnected workstations sharing the resources of a single processor or server within a relatively small geographic area.

Leases - In this case, grants temporary ownership to grant access.

LEDs - Light-emitting diode. A type of device that lights up when electrical current passes through it. Depending on the material used, the color can be visible or infrared. Visible LEDs are used as indicator lights on all sorts of electronic devices.

Line conditioning - Line conditioning is used to remove noise from electrical current. Line conditioning keeps the power current clean and stable, helping to prevent random problems.

Linux - A freeware operating system designed for use on IBM-compatible PCs. Linux is very similar to UNIX. Linux was created by Linus Torvalds.

Load balancing - Process of using two power supplies simultaneously.

Local computers - Computers on a LAN.

LocalTalk - An Apple networking protocol.

Lock and key method - One of the simplest forms of physical security, where a lock provides a room with a physical security barrier, and a key provides a person access.

Logical architecture - In computer networking, describes abstract names and labels, as opposed to the physical setup.

Logical security - Logical security protects or safeguards something non-physical, such as data or intellectual property.

Low-level format - The process of defining sectors on a hard drive. Modern hard drives are low-level formatted before they leave the factory. After a hard drive is low-level formatted, it can receive a partition and be high-level formatted.

Low-Voltage Differential (LVD) - A signaling method used in SCSI. LVD uses two pins to send signals, each are mirror images of the other. This allows the signal to travel farther and resist interference. LVD devices are generally compatible with SE busses, but the LVD device loses its special abilities when combined with them. LVD can extend to 12 meters (13.1 yards).

Low-voltage differential termination - A form of termination used by LVD SCSI chains.

M

MAC address - Media Access Control address that identifies each node on the network.

Master - In a master/slave arrangement, a master is the first device on an IDE channel.

Mail server - A computer than controls mail access and resources on a local area network (LAN).

Mainframe computers - Large and costly high-level computer designed for intensive tasks and can support hundreds of users simultaneously.

Math Coprocessor - Performs math operations for the CPU. Also called the numeric coprocessor or floating-point coprocessor.

MAU (Multi-Station Access Unit) - MAUs provide a central connection point for devices on a Token Ring network.

100Mbps Ethernet - Ten times faster than the older Ethernet, it is often called Fast Ethernet.

Media access - Protocols and methods that servers and workstations use to communicate with the network.

Memory Addresses - Reserved space in the upper memory area used by a hardware device for its BIOS.

Memory Bus - Assortment of wires through which data is transmitted between the CPU and the main memory or RAM.

Memory cache - Also called a RAM cache or cache store, it’s the part of memory made of SRAM instead of the slower DRAM used for main memory. It’s used for processes that are often repeated, so it helps speed up the computer process.

Memory stick - Physical component that holds memory.

Mesh topology - A complex physical topology in which each network device is connected directly to other network devices. Mesh networks are the most fault tolerant networks due to their complex interconnections.

Microchip - Same as microprocessor, or the computer's central processing unit (CPU). The microprocessor can be thought of as your computer's brain.

Microsoft LAN manager - Though superceded now by Windows NT, LAN Manager is a Microsoft network operating system that runs as a server application under OS/2 that supports DOS, Windows and OS/2 clients.

Mirroring - Also known as RAID 1, mirroring requires two hard drives. Information is kept synchronized between two hard drives to maintain redundancy.

Mission-critical - Servers, applications and data that are most critical for business success.

Modem - Modulator/demodulator. Telecommunication device that "modulates" a sending computer's digital data into analog signals to be transmitted over phone lines, then "demodulates" those analog signals back into digital signals to be read by the receiving computer.

MP3 - File extension for MPEG, audio layer 3 that compresses audio signals at a very high quality. These are relatively small files that are easily transported across the Internet.

MPEG - Standards developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group. They are for digital video and digital audio compression.

Multimedia - In computer context, an integrated method of presenting text, graphics, video, and sound.

Multitasking - The ability of the operating system to run several concurrent operating tasks as opposed to one at a time.

Multimode devices - Low voltage differential devices, capable of running on the same cable with single-ended devices

Multiple partitions - More than one partition, which is a Physical disk or storage device part that functions as though it were a separate physical device.

Multi-home servers - Servers with more than one network card, allowing the server to function on more than one network (ex. Two different LANs, or a LAN and the Internet, etc).

N

Natural disasters - Unforeseeable disastrous events not caused by humans. For example, earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, etc.

Nearest Available Downstream Neighbor (NADN) - In a Token Ring network, the NADN is any device that is about to receive a token.

Nearest Available Upstream Neighbor (NAUN) - In a Token Ring network, the NAUN is any device that is about to send a token.

NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface is a new version of NetBIOS that lets computers communicate within a LAN using a frame format. It was developed by IBM and has been adopted by Microsoft for its Windows NT, LAN Manager, and Windows for Workgroups products.

NetBIOS - Networking protocol in DOS and Windows networks that acts as a programming interface for applications at the Session layer.

NetBIOS names - Name assigned to a computer that uses NetBIOS, which is a networking protocol in DOS and Windows networks that acts as a programming interface for applications at the Session layer.

Netburst Technology - Increased advances in multimedia begun with Pentium IV

NetWare - Novell network operating system.

Network - Group of computers and devices that are connected by communications facilities.

Network broadcast - System of communication on a network where a datagram goes out to all clients.

Network settings - Configurations unique to a network

Network topology - The physical layout of a network.

NIC (Network Interface Card) - A NIC provides a pathway from a computer's expansion bus to a network via network cabling or wireless transmission.

Network Management System (NMS) - Monitoring system for any SNMP compliant device on a TCP/IP network that runs in the background, accumulating data about each device and controlling each device.

New Technology File System (NTFS) - A file system introduced by Microsoft with the Windows NT operating system in 1993.

Node - A device on a network.

Non-routable protocol - Can only be used to transfer data between computers residing on the same LAN segment.

Normal - Backup method that backs up selected files and folders and leaves a marker at the point where the backup ends.

Northbridge - A chip that controls access to the CPU, memory, PCI bus and AGP (if available). Northbridge circuit traces run to many components of the motherboard.

Novel Directory Service (NDS) - Novell’s file system.

NSS - Current NetWare file system.

NTFS - Abbreviation for Windows NT file system.

Number codes - A numeric combination number used with a number pad to open a lock.

Number pads - Security devices that use number pads similar to those used in telephones. Special numeric codes are used with the number pad to activate or disable a lock.

NWLink - NWLink is a Novell IPX/SPX-compatible protocol developed by Microsoft. NWLink allows Windows PCs to participate on Novell networks.

NWFS - Older NetWare file system.

O

ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) - ODBC is a Microsoft-developed interface that allows any program compliant with the ODBC standard the permission to access any other database compliant with the ODBC standard.

Offine - Unconnected to the network.

Off-site storage - Area physically separate from the network, where backups are stored. This is especially important in case of disasters.

On-board Ethernet - Networking function integrated into the motherboard.

Online banking - A practical example of how an application server can be used.

Open Bridge - Refers to a jumper, marked by a "0" in binary code.

Open channel - Available path between two computers or devices.

Optical fiber - Technology that transfers data via glass or plastic threads that utilize light waves to transport the data.

OSI Model - The Open System Interconnection model provides a standard format for defining the different functions of a network protocol.

Ozone - Form of oxygen formed naturally in the atmosphere by a photochemical reaction

P

Packets - Also called datagrams, packets are a piece of a message transmitted over a network

Parallel port - External interface used to connect a device (like a printer)

Parity - Error checking

Partition - Physical disk or storage device part that functions as though it were a separate physical device.

Passive Termination - Passive termination is considered the simplest form of termination, consisting of a series of resistors that absorb the signal on the SCSI bus.

Password - A code usually compromised of keyboard characters (numbers, letters, and special characters) used as an electronic "key" to access various resources.

Password policies - Rules and protocols governing access to computer and network files.

Password protection - Coded protection of a system, object or other resources through the use of a password.

Patch - Temporary fix to a program bug.

Patch panels - A patch panel provides an easily, manageable reference point for cabling in a network. Punch blocks are connected to patch panels that enable easy connection to hubs and switches.

P cable - Introduced in the SCSI-3 standard, the P cable replaces the A/B cable combination required for Wide (16-bit) devices by the SCSI-2 standard. The P cable uses a high-density 68-pin D-shell connector.

PC chassis - Framework that houses the internal works of a computer.

Performance object - A system or network component, process, thread or shared memory whose performance can be monitored.

Permission - Network security term used in terms of determining which users can gain access to certain files.

Physical security - Physical security prevents or limits the movement of people into or out of a specific area. Physical security also prevents the removal of or access to equipment.

Physical Unit Number (PUN) - Another name for the device ID.

50-pin Centronics connector - A connector with two rows of 25 pins that is used mainly on SCSI-1 devices.

Pin Connector - Part of a cable that plugs into a device or interface, using pins.

PIN code - PIN stands for Personal Identification Number and works as a personalized code to access security systems.

50-pin D-shell connector - A 50-pin connector with housing that looks like the capital letter "D."

Port number 21 - The usual port used by FTP servers for data exchange.

POST code - Power On Self Test is a self check the BIOS performs in the pre-boot stage to insure that your machine is working properly.

Potential energy - Energy stored by an object due to its position or composition.

Power distribution system - Power Supply system component.

Power generator - A device that creates it’s own electricity. Small, backup electrical generators run on diesel fuel or gasoline. Large electrical generators use nuclear power, oil or coal as fuel.

Power outage - A total loss of electrical power.

Power-on self-test (POST) - A self check the BIOS performs in the pre-boot stage to insure that your machine is working properly.

Power supplies - Box inside the computers system unit that converts AC electricity from a power outlet to the DC electricity used by the computer. The power supply box always has a fan that keeps the box and the other components from over-heating. The device at the rear of the monitor case which plugs into a 110v wall socket to supply the power to the monitor. The average monitor power supply outputs about 100 watts.

Power surge - A power surge is a large, unexpected and sudden increase in electric voltage. A surge can last up to several seconds.

Primary Domain Controller (PDC) - The domain server that contains the master copy of the security, computer, and user accounts databases and that can authenticate workstations.

Primary processor - The main processor on a motherboard.

Protocols - Special set of rules for communicating that components use when sending signals. Often described in an industry or national standard.

Proxy servers - The proxy server acts as an intermediary between a client computer on the local network requesting a Web page and the server on the Internet providing the Web page. A Proxy server is used to manage, restrict and improve Internet access Performance.

Punch block - A punch block serves as a gathering point for cabling form the entire building into the server room. A punch block is a network's central cabling distribution point. Cables that run into punch block from outside of data closets are terminated on the punch block.

Q

R

RAS (Remote Access Service) Server - Windows NT/2000 service that allows users to connect with a network via modem.

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) - Also commonly know as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disk, RAID combines hard drives in arrays to provide varying levels of fault tolerance and performance enhancements.

RAID 5 - RAID 5 allows striping with parity. RAID 5 stores data across multiple hard drives in blocks and distributes parity information across the hard drives. RAID 5 allows one hard drive to fail without data loss. RAID 5 requires a minimum of three hard drives.

RAID cluster - Redundant Array of Independent (or Inexpensive) Disks using two or more drives for better performance.

RAM - Random Access Memory chips that contain the computer's working memory. They are used to store data and program instructions so they can be accessed by the computer's CPU.

Read me - Files that often contain important troubleshooting information.

Recovery plan - Outline of each step to take in the event of a disaster.

Recovery time - Amount of time necessary to recover all systems and the entire network.

Redundancy - Ability of a network to continue working after a vital service malfunctions or fails.

Register - A bus for data that is composed for data paths and storage units. It can either be internal or external.

Regional information - Information particular to the location, like date and time.

Remote access - Ability to gain network services from computer not on the immediate site.

Remote access card - NIC that allows access to a remote host computer.

Remote-access environments - Settings that pertain to a client accessing a server or network from a remote location.

Repeater - A device used to increase the distance that network signals can travel.

Request/response protocol - Format for determining how the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message and how the receiving device will indicate that it has received a message.

Restore - To return to a previous working version.

Resistors - A small device having electrical resistance that is used in an electric circuit for protection, operation, or current control.

RG-58 A/U - The type of coaxial cable defined for use on a 10Base2, thinned, network.

RFI - Radio Frequency Identification is a technology that works similarly to bar code identification.

RJ-45 connectors - Plastic snaps at the end of a twisted pair cable that allow the cable’s wiring to connect with contacts in an RJ-45 jack in a NIC, network device, or wall mount.

Ring topology - A network topology in which the cabling forms a ring.

Risk Analysis - Organizational measurement used to determine what stands to be lost in a "worst-case" scenario, considering all aspects of a network including: hardware, software and data (intellectual property).

Router - A device that moves data packets from one network to another network.

Router Server - Computer whose sole purpose is to forward packets between networks (often TCP/IP networks).

Routing table - A table used by routers that shows existing routes for data to travel.

S

SCSI ( Small Computer System Interface) - A high performance expansion bus that can support many different types of devices. Depending on the SCSI version, up to 15 devices can be connected to the bus. The latest SCSI versions call for data rates of up to 320MB/s.

SCSI BIOS - The Basic Input/Output System that determines what a small computer can do without accessing programs from a disk.

SCSI bus parity - A parity bit must be sent with each SCSI data transfer to ensure the data's integrity.

SCA cable - The Single Connection Attach (SGA) cable connector delivers power, instructions, and data in one cable. SCA allows for hot swapping SCSI devices, and uses an 80-pin connector.

SCSI Card - A bus interface standard initially ratified in 1986. SCSI uses a 50-pin connector and allows up to 8 devices to be connected in a daisy-chain. SCSI's 1986 version is sometimes called SCSI-1 differentiating it from subsequent 1994 SCSI-2 and the more recent 16-device SCSI-3.

SCSI chain - SCSI configuration supports up to seven devices in a physical chain pattern.

SCSI controller - Device that controls data transfer from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa.

SCSI drives - A bus interface standard initially ratified in 1986. SCSI uses a 50-pin connector and allows up to 8 devices to be connected in a daisy-chain.

SCSI ID - Number assigned to devices daisy-chained on a SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) drive.

SCSI standards - A bus interface standard initially ratified in 1986. SCSI uses a 50-pin connector and allows up to 8 devices to be connected in a daisy-chain. SCSI's 1986 version is sometimes called SCSI-1 differentiating it from subsequent 1994 SCSI-2 and the more recent 16-device SCSI-3.

SCSI-1 standard - The first SCSI standard that was initially developed in the early 1980s.

SCSI-2 Fast - A slight variation of the original SCSI-2 standard in which the clock speed was doubled to 10MHz.

SCSI-2 standard - Second standard that updated the original 50-pin Centronics connector with the high-density 50-pin D-shell connector.

SCSI-3 standard - standard uses a 16-bit bus, allowing a maximum data transfer speed of 160MB/s

SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM. It is a form of DRAM which adds a separate clock signal to the control signals. See Synchronous DRAM

Security Event - Windows Event Viewer events used to audit successful logons, and used to log access to password-protected and user-restricted files, folders and resources.

Security policy - Protocol to ensure that computer stored data cannot be read or compromised.

Security on network folders - A unique name identifying a user or group of users to the security system to access system folders. Different levels of permissions can be granted users and groups.

Security patches - Updates applied to a system to correct and improve existing security flaws.

Segments - Section of a network bounded by switches, bridges, or routers.

Servers - A computer than controls access and resources on a local area network (LAN). Also used to refer to a computer used on the Internet to respond to client requests, and store information for later retrieval. A provider of resources to clients.

Server Rack - A frame or cage designed to hold computer equipment such as servers, hubs, switches, UPS, or other system equipment.

Server Room - A dedicated room for servers and support equipment. A server room meets special needs for sensitive computer electronics.

Service pack - Provide updates and bug fixes for the Windows NT and Windows 2000 operating systems. Service Packs are provided free of charge.

Shell - A shell is the interface used to communicate with the Unix operating system.

Short circuit - An accidental bridging of circuits causing a massive unintended flood of electricity, usually at the detriment to a system.

Shutdown - System of saving and synchronizing data before the power off phase.

Signal Overshoot - Too much voltage

Signal Undershoot - Insufficient voltage

Signaling - How electrical impulses are formatted for transmission to devices on a SCSI bus.

SIMM - Abbreviation for single in-line memory module. It is a small circuit board that holds a group of memory chips. On Macintoshes, SIMMs can hold up to 8 chips. On PCs they can hold up to 9 chips. The ninth chip is used for parity error checking.

Simple Network Management Protocol - Rules and Procedures for managing complex networks.

Single-ended (SE) - A signaling method used on a SCSI bus. SE devices transmit on one pin, and use another pin for grounding. Single-ended SCSI cables are limited to 1.5 to 6 meters (1.6 to 6.6 yards) in length, depending on the implementation.

Single partition - Physical disk or storage device part that functions as though it were a separate physical device.

Slave - In a master/slave arrangement, a master is the second device on an IDE channel.

Slot 2 - On newer Pentium II chipsets, it features a larger contact connector than Slot 1 and allows the CPU to communicate with the L2 cache at full clock speed.

SNA protocol - SNA is a proprietary IBM architecture and set of implementing products for network computing within an enterprise.

SNA server - Computer server on SNA network.

SNMP trap - Simple Network Management Protocol uses a special signal that will trigger an alert.

Socket 423 - Pentium IV interface with 423 pins.

Socket 478 - Pentium IV interface with 478 pins

Socket 603 - Server version of Pentium IV with an interface of 603 pins

Speculative Execution - Performs tasks in anticipation of future task loads.

Soft failure - A hardware failure that manifests itself over time, such as ever-increasing system lockups or random restarts.

Software Agent - Software used to communicate vital statistics about the device in a way that is understandable to SNMP.

Software RAID - Slower RAID that requires a built-in RAID configuration manager in the operating system.

Sound card - A multimedia card added to the motherboard that allows a computer to record and play sound.

Southbridge - A chip that controls the ISA bus, USB ports, IDE controllers and any special feature that the chipset manufacturer includes, such as on- board sounds, AMR, CNR, on-board Ethernet, etc. The Southbridge also connects to the Super I/O chip.

Speed - Rate that data is processed through a device or network.

SSU - System Setup Utility

Stand alone server - A computer than controls access and resources on a local area network (LAN). Also used to refer to a computer used on the Internet to respond to client requests, and store information for later retrieval. A provider of resources to clients.

Star topologies - Local area network in which devices are connected to a central computer in a star-shaped configuration.

Station - Generally a single user computer that is linked to a network.

Static - Something that remains constant.

Static electricity - A buildup of electrons on an object. Static electricity can lead to an electrostatic discharge.

Static IP addresses - IP addresses that can only be changed manually.

Status lights - Often used on devices to signal potential problems: indicate errors, warnings or malfunctions.

Stepping - New versions of CPUs often have minor changes in design. These design changes are known as steppings.

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable - Twisted-pair cabling that features protective shielding to prevent electromagnetic interference.

Streaming Video - Technique for transferring video data that allows the viewer to begin seeing the data before all of it is loaded.

Subnet mask - Dividing a network into smaller components that share a common address. For example, a subnet on a TPC/IP network are all devices that have an identical prefix for its IP address.

Super I/O chip - A Super I/O chip provides support for the floppy drive, key board/mouse ports, serial ports and parallel ports.

Superscalar Processing - Allows more than one instruction to be enabled by clock cycle.

Surge protector - A device used to protect equipment from transient overvoltages present on AC power, data, or telephone circuits. It can operate by absorbing the surge. This type of surge suppressor is known as the shunt type. Or it can operate by blocking the surge from flowing. This type of surge suppressor is known as the series type. Or it can operate by a combination of the two.

SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array. An extension to the VGA standard introduced by the a consortium of companies in response to IBM Corporation developments and standardized by the Video Electronics Standards Association in 1989.

Swap file - Hidden OS file used for swapping in Windows environment.

Swap out - Exchange one portion of data with another. The OS copies as much data as it can into the main memory, leaving the remainder on the disk. Later it exchanges a segment in main memory with part of the disk data.

Switch - A central connection device on an Ethernet network. Switches allow for full-duplex transmission, eliminating collisions and maximizing network bandwidth.

Synchronizing - Co-ordinating.

Symmetric multi-processing - SMP is a load-balancing strategy that designates specific functions for each processor.

Syslog - Provides auditing for Linux and Unix server operating systems. Syslog catalogues server events according to date, time, severity.

System Events - Windows Event Viewer event are related to system related errors ranging from a corrupt file system to a malfunctioning keyboard.

System monitoring agents - Programs that keep track of network activity and provide feedback.

T

T-connector - A small connector used to connect a computer’s NIC or a network device’s NIC to a 10Base2 network.

TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a suite of protocols, widely available and implemented across a huge range of systems, which allows information to be transmitted across a network. TCP/IP is the protocol used by the Internet, and it is used over a SLIP connection in OS/2 Warp's built-in Internet Connection.

TCP/IP data packets - Datagrams that use TCP/IP protocol to exchange data across the Internet.

TCP/IP network - A network that uses the former UNIX standard, TCP/IP. In recent years, TCP/IC has become the protocol of the Internet in addition to a global standard for computer-based communications.

TCP/IP suite - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is a suite of protocols, widely available and implemented across a huge range of systems, which allows information to be transmitted across a network. TCP/IP is the protocol used by the Internet, and it is used over a SLIP connection in OS/2 Warp's built-in Internet Connection.

Terminated - The sealing of the ends of an electrical bus to maintain the correct impedance for signal propagation and to prevent signal echoes that degrade the quality of data exchange.

Termination - SCSI termination is used at the end of a SCSI chain to absorb signal and prevent signal reflection.

Terminators - A resistor device placed on a cable to absorb signal and keep them form perpetually bouncing back and forth on a cable.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air - Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) – An organization that promotes the most sound engineering standards for the heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration fields.

Thicknet - Slang for a 10Base5 network. Thicknet uses coaxial cabling and supports network segments of up to 500 meters (547 yards).

Thinnet - Slang for a 10Base2 network. Thinnet uses coaxial cabling and supports network segments of up to 185 meters (202 yards).

Token - A data packet passed from one device to another on a Token Ring network. When a device has a token it is allowed to transmit on the network.

Token passing network - A token passing network uses a token to provide computers with access to the network.

Token Ring - Star network topology of LAN workstations connected in a ring with a token passing system to prevent collisions between workstations that attempt to send messages at the same time.

Traffic - Refers to the load on the device or network.

Transfer rates - A function of the SCSI clock cycle and refer to the amount of data that can be transferred.

Transistor - A circuit component that typically has three leads, where the voltage or a current controls the flow of another current.

Trap - A value recognized by the software agent as "Significant." Traps are preset and automatically alert the NMS.

Twisted pair - A form of cabling that consists of multiple wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference. CAT5 cable is a commonly used twisted pair cabling used in Ethernet networks.

Two-strand, fiber-optic cable - A fiber-optic cable that contains two separate strands of fiber optics.

U

UDP - Uses virtual ports to transfer information between applications on a TCP/IP network.

Ultra SCSI - Standard that uses a 20MHz clock and an 8-bit bus allowing a maximum data transfer speed of 20MB/s (also known as Fast-20)

Ultra-2 SCSI - Standard that uses a 40MHz clock and an 8-bit bus, allowing a maximum data transfer speed of 40MB/s.

Ultra-3 SCSI - Standard that allows160MB/s, but also includes features that ensure reliable data transfer.

Ultra-2 Wide - SCSI Standard that uses a 16-bit bus, allowing 80MB/s.

Ultra 160 - SCSI Standard that uses a validation process during boot-up to ensure that all of the devices on the SCSI chain can be used reliably at maximum speed.

Ultra-Wide SCSI - Standard that uses a 16-bit bus, allowing 40MB/s.

Under Floor Air-Conditioning System - Under floor air conditioning units are located beneath a room, with perforated floor vents to provide cold air. Under floor units are considered efficient because cool air is evenly dispersed throughout a room.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) - A UPS provides power to connected devices in the event of a power outage. The UPS uses batteries to supply backup power.

UNIX - A powerful server operating system that can simultaneously support many users and programs (with adequately powerful hardware). UNIX was originally developed by AT&T. UNIX is considered very complex and difficult to master.

Update - Revised version that generally includes fixes to known problems and enhancements.

Upgradability - The ability to increase the performance and/or compatibility of a system. A system that is not proprietary usually enjoys a level of upgradibility not inherent in most proprietary systems.

Upload - To copy a file from your own computer to another computer (opposite from download).

UPS - Backup device designed to provide an uninterrupted power source in the event of a power failure.

USB - Universal Serial Bus is an external bus standard, supporting a 12 Mbps data transfer rate.

User - Specifies which user the event is attributed to, if any.

User and group permissions - User and Group permissions pertain to the permissions placed on objects (files, drives, printers, etc.). These permissions usually allow full, partial or no access to the object.

User and group rights - User and Group rights are the actions that users or groups are permitted to perform by an operating system. For example, shutting down the system is considered a user right.

User logons - Individual method to open an operating system that has been running on a network.

Username - A unique name assigned to a person for identification purposes and access to resources. The username usually is accompanied by a password.

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) cable - Twisted-pair cabling without protective shielding that is prone to electromagnetic interference.

V

Video card - An expansion board that plugs into a computer system to give it display capabilities. The video adapter, in conjunction with the display monitor, forms the video system for the computer.

Video Display - Another term for a monitor

Violent acts of nature - Severe weather or environmental conditions that go beyond "normal": hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods (for example).

Voice recognition - A biometric system based on a person’s voice.

W

Wake-on-LAN - A feature of newer network cards and motherboards that enables users to remotely power on a computer by sending a special wake-up packet.

Wake-up packet - Datagram that signals a computer to engage.

Warm swap - With a warm swap the computer system remains on, but the component being replaced must not be in use.

Warning - Windows 2000 Event Viewer event that signifies moderately severe.

WAV - Standard file format for sound, developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM that can be played by most Windows applications that support sound.

Web browser - Client application that allows a user to view documents on the Internet. Mosaic was the first browser; Microsoft Explorer and Netscape are the main browsers in use today.

Web pages - Document on the World Wide Web, located with a specific url address.

Web server - A computer that delivers web pages.

Wide SCSI-2 - Standard that doubled the bus to 16-bits but kept the clock speed at 5MHz.

Windows Event Viewer - Microsoft equivalent to the Unix/Linux Syslog is Event Viewer.

Windows 2000 active directory - Current Windows 2000 file configuration

Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) - WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) is a NetBIOS Name Server that registers your NetBIOS names and resolves them into IP addresses.

Windows NT/2000 Performance Monitor - A window that gives users a detailed look into the system, its components, and their overall health.

WINS servers - Robust computer that handles Windows Internet Name Service. Used on Microsoft-based TCP/IP networks.

Wrist strap - A small strap worn around the wrist with a wire leading to a round. Grounding yourself with a wrist strap prevents static electricity buildup in your body.

X

Xeon - Server version of Pentium IVXerox corporation. Although best known for its copier machines, Xerox Corporation influenced user interfaces with its Palo Alto laboratory research.

X-Windows - The word "Windows" with a capital letter w refers to the Windows 3.1, 95, or more current Windows program itself. The "X" signifies any of the Windows programs.

Y

Z