A

Access Control List - A database that lists the authorized users and their permissions for a Windows NT network.

Account - A file that holds records of users and resources.

ACPI - Abbreviation for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface.

Active Partition - A DOS partition, which is read at startup, that contains the required files to boot the system.

ActiveX Controls - Provide a means for web page designers to create web pages that can interact with the operating system. This allows web designers to create powerful utilities to be used on the Web. However, since ActiveX controls provide access to the operating system, they can be used to cause damage like a virus.

Add New Hardware - An icon in the Windows Control panel that allows the user to install new hardware devices or configure hardware settings.

Add/Remove Programs - An icon in the Windows Control Panel that allows the user to create a start-up disk, and add and/or remove programs and components.

Active Directory Service (ADS) - A Microsoft Windows 2000 innovation, ADS provides more centralized management of complex networks and improves security. The concept of an active directory is not new, having already secured its place as a network object manager in the Banyan VINES operating system.

Alt - Key used simultaneously with a second key to produce a desired function.

AMD - Advanced Micro Devices. Intel-clone producing computer manufacturer.

AOL - America On-Line. AOL is the most popular online service available, with almost 30,000,000 subscribers.

API (Application Program Interface) - The method an application program uses to make requests of the operating system or another application.

Application - Software program that is created to do a task or produce a result, such as word processing or database management.

AppleTalk - A set of local area network communication protocols created for Apple computers. An AppleTalk network can support up to 32 devices and data can be exchanged at a speed of 230.4 kilobits per second (Kbps). Can be used to incorporate Macintosh computers on a Windows network.

Application Server - A form of security used on network systems in which a user or administrator can have passwords to secure a network.

APPS.INF - Windows file that maintains information about popular MS-DOS programs.

Archive - DOS system attribute that checks whether or not a file has changed since the last backup. Also refers to files stored as backup.

ARCNET- LAN technology from the Datapoint Corporation that uses a token-bus system.

ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Standardized code that uses binary values to represent characters. Computers use ASCII codes to represent text to transfer data from one computer to another.

Attribute - A hidden code in a file that determines the file type and which operations are permitted for that file.

AUTOEXEC.BAT (Automatically Executed Batch Program) - A startup file that runs when DOS is loaded and tells the computer what commands or programs to execute automatically after boot up. AUTOEXEC.BAT commands help a user configure the system to individual preferences.

Award BIOS - The Award BIOS is one of the most popular BIOS programs used today. While options may change slightly from one motherboard to another, all Award BIOS programs have the same general look and feel.

B

Backbone - A larger transmission path in a network into which smaller lines feed.

Backup - A copy of a disk, program, or other data. Creating backups should be done on a regular basis to protect data, in case the original is somehow damaged or destroyed. Ideally, the user should maintain backups of both the current system and the preceding version of all data files.

Broadband - Type of data transmission in which the medium carries multiple messages simultaneously. Broadband transmission is often found in WANs.

Backup Domain Controller (BDC) - In a Windows NT network, one server, known as the primary domain controller, manages the master user database for the domain. One or more other servers are designated as backup domain controllers, which can take over as the primary domain controller if there is a failure. The backup controller can also help balance the workload when the network is busy.

Backward Compatible - Hardware or software that retains compatibility with older versions of themselves or other hardware or software.

Bad Sector - A damaged disk area within a cluster, in a disk partition. Bad sectors cannot be used, but data

Basic Disk - The term "basic disk" is Windows 2000 jargon for the type of logical hard drive layout that has been around since DOS. A basic disk can consist of primary partitions and an extended partition

Basis Name - The first six letters of a long file name that are retained when an MS-DOS program reads a Windows 95 program and must convert the long file name to conform to the 8.3 convention. (Example: the long file name "Semester 2 Term Paper" becomes SEMEST~1.DOC. "SEMEST" is the basis-name for that file.)

BDC (Backup Domain Controller) - In a Windows NT network, one server, known as the primary domain controller, manages the master user database for the domain. One or more other servers are designated as backup domain controllers, which can take over as the primary domain controller if there is a failure. The backup controller can also help balance the workload when the network is busy.

Bill Gates - Multibillionaire Harvard dropout William Henry Gates III, CEO of Microsoft.

Binary - A number system in which 0 and 1, and combinations of 0 and 1, represent all values.

Binary File - A file made up of codes, either 8-bit or executable. Binary files are designed to be read by computer programs.

Bindery - Novell's Netware server database that contains network information about users, groups, passwords, and access rights.

Binding - Method for communicating between adapters, protocols, and  networking services.

BIOS - Basic Input/Output System. The BIOS is software that controls the most basic functions of a computer, such as access to a keyboard, serial and printer ports, and basic video capabilities.  Drivers take over the functions of the BIOS in today’s advanced operating systems.

Bitmap - Individual data pieces collected together to produce an image.

Bitmap Font - A font designed especially for a display screen. Typically, display fonts are bit-mapped and designed to compensate for the relatively low resolution of display screens. Also called a screen font.

Bits - A bit is the smallest piece of information that a computer can understand. It takes eight bits to equal a byte, which is the amount of disk space needed to store one character of information.

Boot - Starting up and loading a computer’s operating system.

BOOT.INI - A text file that defines where operating systems are located on the PC’s hard drives.

Booting - See boot.

Boot Files - The boot files are responsible for loading the basic components of the operating system, such as the kernel, file system, and user interface.

Bootstrapping - An early computer industry term for starting up and loading a computer’s operating system.

Broadcast Traffic - Traffic created on a network when a server sends data to all other computers on the network.

Browse Master - A workstation that acts in an administrative capacity for peer-to-peer networks, listing all the servers in the network.

Bulletin Board - A computer that can be accessed by a modem to share and exchange messages or other files.

Buffer - Temporary storage area, usually located in RAM, that acts as a holding area, allowing the CPU to manipulate data before transferring it to a device.

Bug - A coding error in a computer program.

Bus - Assortment of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. It usually refers to the internal bus that connects all the internal computer components to the CPU and main memory.

Bus Enumerators - Device drivers that identify devices located on a specific bus and assign unique codes for each device.

Byte - The amount of space that it takes to store one character of information. Eight bits equal one byte.

C

.cpl - File extension for a control panel extension.

Cache - A system for storing frequently accessed information for faster response. Motherboard cache memory is extra-fast RAM that keeps a copy of the most recently requested bits from regular RAM.

Case Sensitive - When an operation distinguishes between upper and lower case letters.

CD-ROM Drive - Drive where CD-ROM disk operates.

CD-ROM - Compact disk read-only memory. A round, flat disk media designed to store up to 650MB, as much as 542 Mac or 465 PC floppy disks. CD-ROMs are sometimes called, simply, CDs.

CD-RW drives - Compact Disk-ReWritable. A type of optical drive that allows you to write data to special CDs call CD-RWs. The CD-RW can later be erased and rewritten.

CGI - Acronym for Common Gateway Interface, a feature that facilitates information exchange between Web servers and host computers.

Characters  - Letters, numbers, and symbols used to name a file.

Chat - Going on the Internet and "talking" with another person who is online at the same time.

CHKDSK - CHKDSK is a utility included with old versions of DOS and Windows NT/2000. CHKDSK scans and repairs hard drive errors. CHKDSK stands for Check Disk.

Clicking and Dragging - Moving an image or block of text by selecting it, then clicking and holding down the left mouse button, and dragging the text or image to its new place. Also called drag-and-drop.

Client - A term used for a user’s microcomputer while on a network.

Client for NetWare Networks - Mechanism that allows a machine to be connected to a Novell NetWare network.

Client/Server Network - A network in which a number of individual workstations or client computers are connected to and exchange information via a central server.

Client Software - Program that exists on a remote computer.

Close Program - Command in a dialog box that allows you to end a program.

Cluster - A unit of storage on a disk which contains sectors of data.

CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) - The CMOS is the most widely used type of chip used to store BIOS software. CMOS refers to the type of materials and manufacturing processes used to make the chip.

Cold Boot - Starting up a computer by turning on the power button.

COM - A designation for serial communication ports on a PC.

COM1 - Serial communications port on the motherboard that can be configured in a number of different ways.

COM2 - Serial communications port on the motherboard that can be configured in a number of different ways.

Command Line Execution Parameters - Used to change how a batch file functions. Command line execution parameters are passed to the batch file from the batch file’s command line.

Command Line - User interface that accepts commands on a specified line.  The DOS Prompt application in Windows operating systems is an example of a command line interface.

COMMAND.COM - Opens the DOS prompt, a user interface for DOS in Windows systems.

Command Prompt - A Windows option accessible through the Start menu Programs option, which opens a DOS window.

Complete Trust Domain Model - An arrangement of clients and servers that allows reciprocal trust relationships between multiple domains and resources.

Compound Document - Organized collection of user interfaces that form a single integrated environment that can contain text files, audio files, video files, etc., or it can refer to an application environment with interactive and inter-linking objects.

Concatenate - To join in sequence. Disk Defragmenter concatenates data so that all the data for each file is arranged contiguously on the disk.

Conductor - A substance that conducts electricity. Gold, silver, and copper are all examples of good conductors. 

Configurations - Customized settings that are stored in a computer’s internal database, called the Registry (see Registry below).

CONFIG.SYS - DOS file that configures some computer resources and loads drivers and utilities.

Connect Network Registry - A command in the Registry Editor that permits the user to edit the Registry of a remote computer.

Connectivity - The concept that files, data, and resources can be shared and exchanged across a network.

Container Object - A file that contains linked common-purpose files or other objects. Also called simply "container."

Container - A file that contains linked, common-purpose files or other objects.

Contiguous - Sharing a boundary, next to each other.

Control Panel- A utility represented by an icon in the Windows My Computer default container and in the Start menu under Settings. The Control Panel provides access to configuring color, fonts, mouse, desktop, date and time, sound, and other system features.

Control Program for Microcomputer—CP/M - Created by Gary Kildall in 1973, CP/M was the first PC operating system. 

Conventional Memory - A computer’s first 640 kilobytes of memory; contains essential programs, data, and operating system areas.

Cooperative Multitasking - Type of multi-tasking that requires the currently running task to give up use of the processor and allow other tasks to run.

Copy Protected (refers to software) - Containing a developer-implanted lock to keep users from unauthorized copying.

CP/M—Control Program for Microcomputer - The first PC operating system. Gary Kildall wrote CP/M in 1973.

Crashing - When a hard drive or a program suddenly fails to work while it is running, it is said to have "crashed."

CSLIP - Acronym for Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol. A faster, compressed version of SLIP.

Ctrl + Alt + Delete - A combination of keys to use simultaneously to close down programs that are hung and/or to reboot the machine, depending on the operating system.

Cyrix - Computer manufacturer that produces a Pentium-clone computer, the Cyrix 6x86.

D

.dll - File extension for a dynamic linked library.

.drv - File extension for a driver.

Data Link Control (DLC) - A protocol used to communicate with IBM mainframes and the popular Hewlett Packard JetDirect print servers.

DB - Stands for data bus and refers to the number of pins on the connector.

Decompress - Restoring the contents of a compressed file to its original form. 

Default - Used to describe settings or parameters that are used automatically by a system until it receives different instructions.

Default System Icon - On-screen graphics that depict groups of linked, common-purpose container objects, such as My Computer, Recycle Bin, and Network Neighborhood.

DEFAULT.PIF - Windows file that stores information about MS-DOS programs that are not contained in the APPS.INF file

Defragmenting - Rewriting files to a disk so that they are in contiguous order.

Demodulation - The means by which a modem converts analog data signals, transmitted via telephone line, back into digital signals that can be read by a computer.

Demand Paging - In virtual memory systems (e.g., Windows NT), demand paging is when pages of data are not copied from disk to RAM until needed.

Desktop - The on-screen space that underlies all work done on the computer. Like the actual top of a desk, the computer’s desktop gives a computer user a location to organize work. The Windows 95 desktop was the first Windows log-on screen.

Despooling - A term used in printing to describe what the spooler does with document before it is sent to the printer.

Device Contention - An enhanced panel option that configures how the system handles resource conflicts.

Device Drivers - A small program that enables an operating system to interact with a piece of hardware.

Device Font - A fast printer- font stored inside the printer. Also called a hardware font.

Device Manager - A function in the Windows System Properties utility that notifies the user of device conflicts and allows the user to change properties in the computer and on devices attached to it.

DHCP - Acronym meaning Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. DHCP is a TCP/IP protocol which automatically assigns a temporary IP address to a network host.

DHCP Manager - The DHCP Manager is a Windows NT Server Tool that allows an administrator to configure DHCP on a network. DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses when a computer joins a network.

Dialog Box - A box that appears onscreen to present information or request input.

Dial-Up Networking (DUN) - A Windows feature that allows a computer to connect to a remote network through a modem.

Differential Backup - A backup that saves only those files that have changed or were created since last full backup.

Direct Memory Access (DMA) - Means by which data moves between a system device such as a disk drive and system memory without direct control of the CPU. By doing this, it frees up the CPU for other tasks.

Directory - An inventory of file names that are organized and grouped for information retrieval.

DNS - Acronym for Domain Name System, an Internet system which provides for domain name and IP addresses for web hosts. When a user enters a domain name, it is automatically converted to the numerical IP address for routing.

Docking - Connecting a laptop or notebook computer to a docking station, which contains a power connection, expansion slots, and peripheral connections.

Docking Station - A desktop unit into which a laptop computer connects, which allows the user to use a full size monitor, keyboard, mouse, and expansion slots.

Documents - Start menu option that lists the computer’s most recently used or created documents.

Domain - In Microsoft networks a domain is an arrangement of client and server computers with a specific reference name that share a security permissions database.

Domain Controller - Server that authenticates workstation network logon requests by checking the user accounts database for username and password verification.

DOS - Stands for Disk Operating System.

DOS Parameters - Used to change how the batch files function. Sometimes referred to as "environment variables." Set in AUTOEXEC.BAT, DOS parameters specify both DOS and batch file functions.

DOS Prompt - A DOS prompt is an on-screen prompt (in the command prompt window) that indicates the system is ready to receive a user’s DOS-driven commands.

Double Clicking - A rapid way to choose and open a program by positioning the mouse pointer over the icon and clicking the left mouse button twice in quick succession.

Downloadable Font - A font downloaded to a printer’s memory as needed from a disk. Also called a soft font.

Dragging - Positioning the mouse pointer over an object, and holding the mouse button down while moving the pointer to another screen location. Also called drag and drop.

Driver - A utility or program that controls another device. Individual drivers allow the computer to use specific devices, such as printers or disk drives.

DriveSpace3 - A Windows utility used to compress data.

DSL - Digital Subscriber Line. DSL is a high speed connection to the Internet. DSL is carried over regular phone lines running from the house or business to the local phone company's closest central office.

Dual-Boot - Configuration facility that allows a computer to boot up in either Windows or previously installed MS-DOS.

DUN  - Dial-Up Networking. DUN is a service included with Windows that allows the computer to connect to a remote network through a modem.

DVD - A Digital Video Disk, or DVD, is a two-sided optical disk the size of a standard CD, but featuring considerably more storage space. DVDs are considered the next generation of optical disc storage technology.

Dynamic Disks - A new method of allocating hard drive space that was introduced with Windows 2000. Instead of partitions, dynamic disks use dynamic volumes that can be resized and extended without rebooting the PC. Dynamic volumes are also capable of advanced fault tolerance, such as RAID 5.

Dynamic Electricity - Electricity that is constantly moving.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - Allows network administrators to centrally manage and automatically assign IP addresses in an organization’s network.

Dynamic Link Library Files - Small files containing codes common to several Windows programs. Also called DLL.

E

.exe - File extension for an executable program.

EISA - Extended Industry Standard Architecture is a standard bus architecture that extends the ISA standard to a 32-bit interface.

Electron - A basic particle in an atom.

E-mail - Short for electronic mail, e-mail is transmitted over communications networks. The messages may be notes entered from the keyboard or electronic files stored on disk.

Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) - The Emergency Repair Disk contains information used to restore your system to functionality in the event of certain crashes, such as a deleted BOOT.INI or NTLDR.

EMF Enhanced Metafile Format - Called EMS, it is a technique that allows DOS to go beyond its 1MB limit. EMS requires a special page frame in the UMA to fool DOS into thinking that there is only 1 MB of RAM in the system, when there is actually much more.

EMS Page Frame - The block of memory addresses in the UMA used to swap pages of data in and out of expanded memory.

EMM386 - File that loads EMM386.

Encrypt   - The process of encoding files to increase security.  Encrypted files can only be read by authorized users.  Without proper authorization, encrypted files remain scrambled and unreadable.

Entire Network - One file in the Windows Network Neighborhood default container. Entire Network holds other workgroups, servers, and shared network resources.

Environmental Variables - Used to configure the DOS environment to the user's preferences.  Usually called DOS parameters. Set in AUTOEXEC.BAT, DOS parameters specify both DOS and batch file functions.

Environmental Subsystem - The sub-routines required by Windows NT that allow other operating systems and third-party software to communicate with the NT kernel.

Ethernet - The most widely used network technology used in LAN.

Event Viewer - A viewer for the logs created by Windows NT/2000. Windows 2000 tracks system errors, application errors, and security errors.

Executive Services - The part of the Windows NT operating system that runs in kernel mode and provides the following services: interprocess communication, interrupt processing, I/O and networking activities, memory management, object management, and thread scheduling.

Expansion Card - A printed circuit board located inside the system unit used to expand the computer’s capabilities. Sometimes called adapters, cards, add-ins, or add-ons, expansion cards can control peripheral devices, add memory, or connect the PC to a network. Some examples include video adapters, graphics accelerators, sound cards, accelerator boards, and internal modems.

Explorer - Windows Explorer. Helps users find and open system files and folders. Presents a folder and companion file list for user selection.

Extended Memory - The memory above the first 1MB. The 80286 was the first CPU to support extended memory. Protected mode is required to access extended memory. Extended memory is not configured in any special way and is unavailable to most DOS programs, but can be used by Windows and OS/2. 

Extended Partitions - Partitions that cannot be made bootable, but can be broken into multiple logical drives.

Extension - An abbreviation added to the end of a file name (preceded by a period), that identifies the file as belonging to a particular type or category.

F

FAT (File Allocation Table) - File system that catalogs the locations and sizes of all hard drive files. When looking for a file, the operating system checks the FAT. The FAT file system is the only formatting DOS can use. There are two FAT types: FAT16 and FAT32.

FAT12  - The first version of the FAT file system.  FAT12 uses 12-bit addresses to keep track of cluster.  Today FAT12 is used mainly on floppy disks.

FAT16 - The main file system for DOS and Windows 95 versions prior to OSR2.  FAT16 is compatible with all Microsoft Operating Systems and supports partitions up to 2GB.  FAT16 uses 16-bit addresses to track clusters.

FAT32 - FAT system that allows partitions larger than 2 gigabytes and supports long file names. FAT32 is more efficient than FAT 16 because it creates smaller individual clusters and uses disk space more efficiently.

Fax - Short for facsimile. The transmission of text or graphics over telephone lines in digitized form.

FDDI—Fiber Distributed Data Interface - A token passing network architecture that uses fiber optic lines to transmit data at 100Mbps. It can support more users and is a very fast networking architecture.

Fdisk - A  utility that allows the user to create partitions. .

File - A compilation of saved, named data.

File Handle - An open file. Sometimes a device.

File Management System (File System) - Operating system portion that translates an application’s requests into specific tasks. Also refers to the complete structure that names, stores, and organizes files. The file management system includes directories, files, and the information for locating and accessing them.

File Manager - A Windows 3.1 utility for simplifying file organization.

Filename - A name assigned to a file. Duplicate files, in general, are not allowed within the same directory.

File Set - A set of files that have been backed up by the Microsoft Backup utility. Backed up files are stored in sets for later retrieval.

File System - One of the three main components of an operating system, the file system determines the structure of directories, the organization of files on disks, and the overall storage capabilities of a hard drive.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Procedure to download files from or upload files to remote computer systems

Find - Start menu option that offers users options for locating various computer features, files, and folders.

Firewall - A system designed to prevent unauthorized access to a private network.  They are frequently used to prevent access by unauthorized Internet users.  A firewall examines all data packets and blocks those that do not meet specified security criteria.

Fixed Drive - A disk drive, such as a hard drive, that is a permanent part of the computer.

Floppy Disks - Removable, reusable, magnetic storage media used to store small amounts of data (up to 1.44 MB). A floppy disk drive is used to read data from and write data to a floppy disk. Also called diskettes.

Floppy Disk Drive - Drive from which floppy disks operate. Often called the A: drive.

Folders - A computer’s storage place for programs and files. Indicated on screen by a graphic file folder.

Font - Character set with common typeface, style, and weight. "Arial, italicized, 10 point" is an example of a font.

Formatting - The process of preparing a disk to store information. Can also refer to the process of creating a file allocation table. In DOS, this involves using the DOS command FORMAT, which involves the FORMAT.COM file.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - A protocol used to transfer files over a TCP/IP network. FTP includes functions to log onto a network, list directories, upload, and download files. It can also convert between ASCII and EBCDIC character codes.

Full Backup - A backup that saves all  hard drive files.

Fully Qualified Domain Name - The user-friendly Internet names Web surfers use to go to a Web site. For example, www.cnn.com is the FQDN for the CNN Web site, which is much easier to remember than the site's IP address (207.25.71.5).

G

Gateway - A network point (often a proxy server) that acts as an entrance to another network.

GDI (Graphical Device Interface) - A Windows standard for representing graphical objects and transmitting them to output devices, such as monitors and printers.

GDI32.EXE - Windows 9x's 32-bit graphics engine.

GDI.EXE - Provides compatibility with Windows 9x for the 16-bit graphics engine of Windows 3.x

General Protection Fault (GPF) - A phrase the users sees when an application attempts to access storage area not designated for its use. Also called a general protection error.

Gigabyte - A billion bytes of information.

GPF (General Protection Fault) - A phrase the users sees when an application attempts to access storage area not designated for its use. Also called a general protection error.

Grabber File - Picture taking software that transfers a single video or on-screen image to a disk file.

Graphical Display Interface Manager - A core file that draws images and True Type fonts, mainly for icons and other Windows features (e.g., dialog boxes, and buttons).

Groups - A Program Manager (PROGMAN.EXE) file recognized by its .GRP extension. Group files help organize program icons and menus that run and start programs.

GUI (Graphical User Interface) - An interface which uses pictures rather than just words to represent the input and output of a program.  A GUI displays graphical icons, buttons, and dialog boxes for users to access and manipulate computers.

H

HAL.DLL  - HAL.DLL is the Hardware Abstract Layer. The HAL provides a standardized interface between the operating system, drivers, and hardware.

Handshaking - An electronic exchange of signals that takes place initially when one modem contacts another over telephone lines.

Hard Disk - A hard disk is comprised of several rotating, non-removable magnetic disks used for storing computer data. Also called hard disk drive.

Hard Disk Drive - A non-removable disk drive with fixed media. Commonly called a hard drive.

Hardware - Computer equipment, such as peripherals (e.g., printers and modems), motherboards, expansion cards, and power supplies.

Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) - A layer of software provided by the hardware manufacturer that hides or abstracts hardware differences from the upper layers of the operating system.

Hardware Font - A fast printer-font stored inside the printer. Also called a device font.

Hardware Profile - Data that is used to configure computers for use with peripheral devices.

HCL (Hardware Compatibility List) - Provides a list of hardware compatible with Microsoft’s operating system. Consult the HCL before installing an operating system to make sure hardware is compatible.

Help - Start menu option that provides Windows help information resources.

Hidden - DOS system attribute that prevents a file from appearing in the directory.

HIMEM - Driver that allows access to the High Memory Area and Extended Memory in DOS.

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT - A subdirectory in the Registry structure that contains configuration information about OLE, shortcuts, and the graphical user interface (GUI).

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG - A subdirectory in the Registry structure that contains hardware configuration information.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER - A subdirectory in the Registry structure that points to another subdirectory, HKEY_USERS, for the current logged on user.

HKEY_DYN_DATA - A subdirectory in the Registry structure which contains Plug and Play configuration information. It points to the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE - A subdirectory in the Registry structure that contains specific information about types of hardware installed, software settings, and other information.

HKEY_USERS - A handle key containing use configuration information.

HMA (High Memory Area) - The first 64KB of addresses in Extended Memory.

Host ID - The Host ID is the part of the IP address that specifies the exact PC on a TCP/IP network.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - A set of rules that govern the document format of pages on the Internet. Web pages are built with HTML tags (codes) embedded in the text that determine the page layout, fonts, graphic elements, and hyperlinks to other documents on the Web.

Hung - Seized or locked up. Not responding.

Hung Application - Software program that is not responding or locked up.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - HTTP is a protocol in the TCP/IP suite that provides access to Web sites.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - HTTPS is a protocol in the TCP/IP suite that provides access to secure Web sites.

I

IBM Compatible - A computer whose processor is compatible with IBM processors and software, but is not manufactured by IBM. Often referred to as IBM clones.

IBM RS/6000 - The IBM RS/6000 family combines the benefits of UNIX computing with IBM's leading-edge RISC technology in a broad product line—from powerful desktop workstations ideal for mechanical design, up to parallel RS/6000 SP systems that can handle demanding scientific and technical computing, business intelligence, and Web serving tasks. AIX 4.3 is an integrated operating environment that supports both 32- and 64-bit RS/6000 systems in their full range of scalability, while providing improved software features for both environments.

Icon - A small on-screen image that the user double-clicks on to access an application or device.

ICQ - Pronounced "I-seek-you," ICQ is one of the most popular Internet instant messaging programs available.

Import/Export - A command in the Registry Editor which allows the user to save data in a text file and restore it, either to the same or another computer.

Incremental Backup - A backup that saves only those files that have changed or were created since the last full or incremental backup.

INF Files - Files which contain scripts for controlling hardware operation. File that provides Windows 95 or 98 Setup with the necessary information to set up a device with its logical configurations, the names of driver files for the device, etc.

INI - Text-based initialization files used by Windows 3.1 to store system-specific or application-specific information.

INI Files - Initialization files used by Windows based applications to store user information that controls the application startup.

Initialization - Process of assigning values to variables and data structures in a program when first starting it up.

Input - Information sent to the computer from an external source, such as a keyboard, to be processed.

Input/Output (I/O) - Assortment of wires connecting the CPU with external devices. These devices include all I/O connectors such as drive controllers, serial ports, parallel ports, and keyboard connectors connected to the ISA and PCI buses or adapter cards installed in the ISA and PCI bus slots.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - Promotes itself as the world's largest technical professional society—promoting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences.

Intel MMX (Multimedia Extensions) - An enhancement to the architecture of Intel Pentium processors that improves the performance of multimedia and communications applications.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - Worldwide organization, also known as the International Standards Organization, representing over 100 countries founded in 1946, that promotes standards for communications protocols. Among the chief standards it promotes is OSI.

Internet - A large network made up of a number of smaller computer networks.

Internet Service Provider (ISP) - A company that provides a connection to the Internet for customers who subscribe to the ISP's services. ISPs usually offer a wide range of connection options.

Interoperate - The ability to function between two systems.

Interrupt - A communication to the system from the processor which signals a problem or service request.

Interrupt Request (IRQ) - Term used for hardware interrupts. An IRQ carries signals generated by a hardware device to tell the CPU that a request needs to be executed.

Intranet - A network used to send information within an organization.

Intuitive Interface - A user interface whose features suggest their use. A user recognizes an object’s purpose by its appearance. For example, Windows’ file and folder icons look like files and folders. Users intuitively know that a file or folder is accessed with that particular object icon. Because intuitive interfaces are usually easy for users to access, they are said to be user friendly.

IO.SYS - A binary executable file that is loaded when a Windows 95 computer is booted.

IP - Internet Protocol. IP is a protocol in the TCP/IP suite. IP provides packets going across a network with addresses indicating the computer sending the packets and the destination.

IPCONFIG - IPCONFIG is a command prompt-based utility that allows you to view information about your TCP/IP configuration. Such information  includes IP address, DNS servers, and the computer’s name.

IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange) - A networking protocol (network layer) that interconnects Novell networking clients. SPX is a transport layer protocol built on top of IPX.

IRC - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a system for chatting that involves a set of rules and conventions and client/server software.

IRQ (Interrupt Request) - Term used for hardware interrupts. An IRQ carries signals generated by a hardware device to tell the CPU that a request needs to be executed.

ISA - Industry Standard Architecture. A bus standard for IBM-compatibles that extends the XT bus architecture. ISA bus architecture is sometimes referred to as "AT bus architecture" when XT bus architecture is being referred to.

ISAPI - Acronym for Internet Server Application Programming Interface, a newer, faster alternative to CGI.

ISDN - Acronym which stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. A digital communications network designed to provide faster data transmission. Also an international telecommunications standard for transmitting voice, video, and data over digital lines.

ISP (Internet Service Provider) - A company that provides a connection to the Internet for customers who subscribe to the ISP's services. ISPs usually offer a wide range of connection options.

J

Jazz drives - The Jazz drive, developed by Iomega, uses disks capable of storing 1GB (old version) or 2GB (new version). 

K

Kernel - Regarded as the heart of the operating system, the kernel interprets user input and coordinates with the computer's  software and hardware components to complete the user's requests. Functions controlled by the kernel include launching applications, allocating system functions, managing the computers memory, files, and peripheral devices, and maintaining the date and time. Also called the OS Executive.

Kernel Mode - A privileged processor mode in which an application thread has access to all system memory and hardware.

KERNEL32.DLL - The 32-bit kernel for Windows 9x.

KERNEL386.EXE - Provides compatibility with Windows 9x for the 16-bit DOS and Windows 3x kernel.

Kilobyte - A thousand bytes of information.

L

LAN (Local Area Network) – Data network covering a relatively small geographic area. It connects workstations, peripherals, terminals, and other devices in a single building or other geographically limited area.

Legacy Application – An older application that is still in use after the system has been upgraded.

LIMEMS (Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification)  – Created in 1987, this is the most recent version of EMS. LIMEMS raised the available amount of memory to 32MB.

Linux  – An operating system based on UNIX. LINUX is designed for IBM compatible PCs and is available for free from the Internet.

Load – To copy a program from some source into memory for execution.

Loader – Another name for the WIN.COM file. The loader starts Windows and contains the WIN.CNF, LOG, and Run Length Encoded files.

Local Printer – A printer that is connected to your computer.

Logical Drive – Space allocated for storage on a hard drive. For example, one physical hard drive (you can hold it in your hand) can be divided into multiple logical drives (C: drive, D: drive, E: drive, etc.).

Logout – To close an operating system that has been running on a network. Also called "logoff."

Low-Level Format – The process of creating sectors on a disk.  Usually done by the manufacturer before the disk is sold.

LPT (Line Print Terminal) – Used by MS-DOS for designating printer ports.

LPT1, LPT2, LPT3 – The names reserved by MS-DOS for parallel printer ports.

M

Mac OS  - The operating system designed by Apple for its Macintosh computers.

Main Memory - Another term for RAM (Random Access Memory).

Make Directory  - MD or MKDIR command. The make directory command creates a directory on a drive or disk.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

Mandatory User Profile - Administrator created profile with a special .man extension that prevents the user from modifying the profile.

Master Boot Record (MBR) - The information on the first sector of any hard disk or diskette that provides information about the operating system that allows it to be loaded into RAM. An MRB is also called the partition sector or master partition table.

Master Domain Model - An arrangement of client and server computers that allows resources to have separate domains.

Maximum - The term maximum, as it pertains to virtual memory configuration on Windows 95, allows users to set the maximum value for virtual memory allocation.

MCA - Micro Channel Architecture is a computer-expansion slot interface that was developed by IBM for its PS/2 line.

Media - Physical material on which data is stored, such as a floppy disk or CD-ROM. On computer networks, refers to cables between workstations, servers, and other networked devices. It also refers, more generally, to technology used to convey information.

Megabyte - A million bytes of information.

MEM - Displays statistics about the computer's current memory configuration.

MEMMAKER - Automates the memory management process by finding the most optimal memory configuration for a computer.

Memory Address - A reserved space in the upper memory area used by various hardware devices that depend on its BIOS. A memory address is a hexadecimal number assigned to a RAM chip, BIOS, or nothing. Each address represents 1 byte.

Menu - An options list of actions, commands, or formats.

Microkernel - The name given to the core portion of a modular operating system.

Microsoft Backup - A Windows utility used to create backup copies of data.

Microsoft Network - An online information service created and maintained by the Microsoft Corporation.

Microsoft Plus! - A Windows utility that enhances disk management capabilities with DriveSpace, Compression Agent, and System Agent.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) - A hardware specification and protocol which makes it possible to connect synthesizers and other electronic musical equipment to a computer. This high-speed serial connection allows chained devices to communicate with one another, and can be used for creating, recording, playing, and manipulating music.

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) - MIME converts binary data into text for transmission through e-mail. MIME is one of many converters available, but MIME is the most popular.

MIPS R4000 - MIPS stands for million instructions per second. The 32- and 64-bit R4000 is superpipelined — twice as many pipeline stages do less work at each stage, allowing a higher clock rate and twice as many instructions in the pipeline.

Minimum - The term maximum, as it pertains to virtual memory configuration on Windows, allows the user to set the minimum value for virtual memory allocation.

MMC (Microsoft Management Console) - Provides a central interface for Microsoft tools. For example, in Windows 2000, the MMC provides central access to all of the tools needed for hard disk and user management.

Modem - A device that makes it possible for your computer to communicate with other computers using ordinary phone lines. The modem accomplishes this by modulating the signal from digital form to analog form, and demodulating it back to digital at the receiving end of the connection. The term modem is an abbreviated description of its function: MOdulation and DEModulation.

Modulation - The process a modem uses to convert a digital computer signal to analog form, for transmission over phone lines.

Motherboard - Main computer circuit board that holds the processor and the main memory as well as other essential computer elements. The motherboard is the attachment point for useful additional computer boards like video and sound cards.

Mouse Pointer - The mouse’s on-screen representation. The pointer usually takes the form of an arrow.

MSCDEX.EXE - The software required to use a CD-ROM drive on a computer running DOS or in MS-DOS mode.

MSConfig - Provides a graphical interface for changing essential settings on Windows 98 and Me operating systems. You can change the way the system boots, set special troubleshooting options, and use the System Restore (Windows Me only) feature.

MS-DOS ( Microsoft Disk Operating System) - The first operating system developed and licensed for IBM-compatible computer systems.

MS-DOS Prompt - The Start menu offers this Programs option that lets the user access MS-DOS commands.

MSDOS.SYS - In DOS, MSDOS.SYS is part of the kernal and provides the file system for DOS.

Multilink - Multilink allows the computer to use more than one modem and phone line to connect to an ISP. Multilink increases performance by splitting data transmissions across multiple lines.

Multiple Master Domain Model - An arrangement of client and server computers that allows resources to have separate domains.

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) - MIME converts binary data into text for transmission through e-mail. MIME is one of many converters available, but MIME is the most popular.

Multitasking - An operating system’s ability to run more than one task at a time, such as a program or a software module.

Multithreaded - Refers to more than one thread working simultaneously to accomplish a task. Multitasking within a program.

My Computer - A default Windows desktop icon that holds all the computer’s resources.

N

Naming - FAT16’s file name structure that allows eight character filenames with a three character extension.  For example, MYREPORT.DOC.

NAP - Acronym for Network Access Point. One of several large computer networks located around the U.S. which support the Internet and facilitate Internet traffic.

Navigation - Moving around in the Windows environment to access and use programs, utilities, and hardware.

NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) is a new version of NetBIOS that lets computers communicate within a LAN using a frame format. It was developed by IBM and has been adopted by Microsoft for its Windows NT, LAN Manager, and Windows for Workgroups products.

NetWare - Novell’s popular network operating system developed in the early 1980s that is a cooperative, multi-tasking, dedicated server network operating system with wide client support.

Netwatcher - Peer-to-peer networking tool that shows the systems sharing status and allows users to create or disable shared resources.

Network Adapters - Refers to the network card.

Network Backups - Software used to safeguard the data and configurations stored on a peer-to-peer network.

Network Card - A network card or network interface card is a circuit board that may be added to the motherboard to provide network communication capabilities to and from a computer system.

Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) - Programming interface for different protocols sharing the same network hardware.

Network File System (NFS) - A client/server application that lets a user view, store, and update files on a remote computer as if it was local. It also allows local file systems to be exported across the network.

Network ID - The Network ID is the part of the IP address specifying the network on which the computer is located.

Network Managerment - Network Management refers to the concept of bringing full control of a network under centralized administration.

Network Monitor - A BackOffice product included with Microsoft System Management Server that servers as a protocol analyzer.

Network Neighborhood - A default Windows desktop icon, a container object, that holds all the computer’s network-accessible devices.

NIC - Abbreviation for Network Interface Card.

Nodes - Another term for client computers on a network.

Non-Preemptive Multitasking - Type of multi-tasking in which a task would do its job until finished before relinquishing control to the processor.

Non-Routable Protocol - A protocol that can only be used on local segments of a LAN and cannot be used with a router. 

NOS - Acronym for Network Operating System.

Notification Area - Taskbar portion, just left of the system clock. The notification area displays icons relating to status information connected with system functions.

NTDETECT.COM - NTDETECT.COM detects hardware installed in the system, such as the amount of memory installed in the PC.

NTFS (New Technology File System)  - An advanced file system introduced with Windows NT that features better security and performance than the FAT file system.  NTFS is not compatible with DOS or Windows 9x operating systems.  

NTFS Permissions - Windows NT's New Technology File System (NTFS) features the capability of securing individual files.  This feature is referred to as NTFS permissions (or file-level permissions) and also is available on Windows 2000 and XP systems.

NTLDR  - NTLDR reads the BOOT.INI and allows the user to select which operating system they which to run. Also switches the computer from real-mode to protected mode.

NTOSKRNL.EXE - NTOSKRNL.EXE is Windows NT/2000’s kernel.

NT Server - The Windows NT server version.

NT Workstation - The Windows NT client version.

Numeric Tail - An abbreviation at the end of a file name which has been converted by a DOS-based program to fit the 8.3 convention. The new file name has the first six characters of the original name, followed by "~1" and the file extension. "~1" is called the numeric-tail.

NWLink - NWLink is a Novell IPX/SPX-compatible protocol developed by Microsoft. NWLink allows Windows PCs to participate on Novell networks.

O

Object - Folder, file, program, printer, modem, or process in the Windows 95 operating system.

Object Menu - The list of options offered when the mouse is right clicked on a desktop object’s icon.

Octet - An 8-bit portion of a 32-bit IP address.  IP addresses are made of four octets.

OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) - A protocol for transferring information among applications, which either links or embeds the information into the file it has been transferred to. Embedding differs from linking in that, for example, when a graphic is linked to a word processing file, changes made to the original graphics file will automatically appear in the linked version. On the other hand, when one file is embedded in another, the embedded file is a copy of the original, and changes made in the original will not automatically appear in the embedded copy.

One-Way Trust Relationship - A trust relationship where only one trusted domain (of two domains) can access resources from the other trusting domain.

Open Program Title Box - The taskbar button for each open program in Windows.

Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) - ISO standard seven-layer model of functions in a telecommunications system.

Operating System (OS) - Software that runs a computer. The operating system receives a user’s command through the user interface, and analyzes the command. The OS then sends out instructions to carry out the command. The kernel, user interface, and file management system form the operating system.

Optimizing - Improving the performance of hardware or software.

OS Executive - Another name for the kernel, the heart of the operating system. It interprets user input and coordinates with the computer's  software and hardware components to complete the user's requests. Functions controlled by the kernel include launching applications, allocating system functions, managing the computers memory, files, and peripheral devices, and maintaining the date and time. 

OS/2 - An operating system jointly developed and introduced by Microsoft and IBM in 1987. Intended as a replacement for DOS, Microsoft and IBM followed different development paths after the initial release. IBM retained development rights and have continued development.

Out of Memory - An error that informs users that the PC does not have enough free memory to continue operating. Free memory may include RAM and virtual memory.

P

Paging File - Another term for Swap File.

Paradigm - A set of concepts that constitute a way of thinking. The Windows paradigm is based on its intuitive interface’s array of objects, meant to suggest the object’s function to a user.

Parallel Port - A parallel interface for connecting an external device capable of transmitting more than one bit of data at a time. Typically, printers are connected to the computer using parallel ports.

Partition - An area on a hard drive that has been allocated for system use.

Partitioning - Configuring free area of disk space for system use.

Pass Through - Go on to the next phase without stopping.

Patch - Immediate, quick repair job to fix a computer program.

PC - Another name for an IBM-standard personal computer.

PCI - Stands for "personal computer." A PC fulfills the IBM-developed standards for personal computers, and does not need to share the printer, processing, and disk resources of another computer.

PCI Configuration - Abbreviation for Peripheral Component Interconnect.

PCMCIA - An acronym which stands for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. PCMCIA devices conform to standards set by this association, and plug into specially configured slots in PCs and laptops. PCMCIA modems are about the size of a credit card.

PDC (Primary Domain Controller) - Responsible for maintaining the security databases for a domain. When a computer is added to a domain, a user is added to a domain, or a user logs into a domain, access is checked against the PDC’s security database. There can be only one PDC per domain, so it should be powerful enough to handle the loads it may experience.

Peer-to-Peer Network - A peer-to-peer network is a network of two or more computers, using the same program to share data and resources, and in which computers share equal responsibility in acting as a "server" to other computers in the same network.

Pentium - Intel’s fifth 80 x 86 CPU. Follows the 486 processor and begins Intel’s current "fast" CPU line.

Pentium II - Intel’s follow-up to its initial Pentium series. Pentium II is characterized by built-in multimedia extensions and easier upgrading as a result of its Slot 1 chip-mounting off a CPU/cache daughterboard.

Performance - A tab in the Control Panel’s System utility which offers options to set virtual memory values.

Peripheral - Supplemental hardware device connected to a computer that adds functionality. Some examples of peripheral devices include disks, drives, keyboards, monitors, mice, printers, scanners, tape drives, microphones, speakers, and cameras.

Peripheral Devices - See Peripheral.

PIF (Program Information File) - A Windows file that provides information on how a DOS application should be run.

PIF Editor - A configuration utility that produces files called Program Information Files. Program Information Files give Windows instructions about how to handle DOS applications.

PING - PING (Packet InterNet Groper) is a TCP/IP utility used to test network connections. PING sends out packets directed at a specified IP address and waits for a response.

Platters - Magnetic coated media, rigid in hard drives, and bendable in floppy disks, used to store data.

Plug and Play -  Feature that automatically detects and configures hardware in a computer, which requires a combination of a compatible BIOS, operating system, and hardware.

PNP - Abbreviation for Plug and Play.

Pop Up Window - A window that suddenly appears (pops up) when you select an option with a mouse or press a certain key. Pop-up windows contain a menu of commands and stay on the screen only until you select one of the commands (e.g., close). It then disappears.

Port - A connection through which information is transferred. The CPU recognizes an individual port by its memory address.

Portable Computers - Portable computers are lighter-weight versions of desktop computers. Sometimes referred to generally as "laptops," portable computers retain most standard desktop computer features and can operate without an external power source.

POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) - A set of standard operating system interfaces based on the UNIX operating system.  The need for standardization arose because users wanted to be able to develop programs that could be moved among different manufacturer's computer systems without having to be recoded. 

POST (Power On Self Test) - A self check the BIOS performs in the pre-boot stage to insure that your machine is working properly.

Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) - The TCP/IP protocol used to retrieve e-mail from a mail server and transfer the e-mail to a e-mail program.

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - A protocol for communication between computers using a serial interface, most often a PC connected by a phone line to a server. PPP was designed as an improvement to SLIP.  It features increased security and data protection.

PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) - A virtual private network protocol built into Windows NT for secure data transmission.

Preemptive Multitasking - Type of multitasking where a controller interrupts and suspends a running task to run another task or to continue with the same one. It facilitates smoother running computer operations.

Presentation Manager (PM) - An ineffective graphical interface to the initial OS/2 system.

Primary Domain Controller (PDC) - Responsible for maintaining the security databases for a domain. When a computer is added to a domain, a user is added to a domain, or a user logs into a domain, access is checked against the PDC’s security database. There can be only one PDC per domain, so it should be powerful enough to handle the loads it may experience.

Primary Partition - The partition on the hard disk which contains the operating system. The system boots from this partition. A disk can have up to three primary partitions, but only one of them can be designated "active," or in use, at any given time.

Print Spooler - Software that manages files sent to a printer.

Printable Screen Font - Font used on the screen that is equivalent to a printer font.

Printer Font - Font stored in the printer.

Printers Folder - An object in the Windows My Computer default container. The folder provides a means to configure printers and displays icons for the printers currently installed.

Process Tracking - A function in which an object type, which consists of an executable program, virtual memory address(es), and one or more threads, is monitored.

Program Icon - Small on-screen image that the user double-clicks to access a specific computer program.

Program Information files - A windows file containing information pertaining to DOS programs. Program Information files have a .PIF extension.

Program Manager - The main control shell used to perform operations, such as starting programs and organizing files, in Windows 3.1x and Windows NT3-51.

Programs - A Windows Start menu option that presents a comprehensive list of available programs on the computer. The term programs also may refer to various software applications or sets of coded computer instructions.

Prompt - A text symbol shown in the DOS Command Prompt window that indicates the system is ready to receive commands.

Properties - Characteristics of a file, application, or device.

Proprietary - In computing, any product or design that is owned by, and unique to, one company.

Protected Mode - Intel-based mode of program operation in which the program is restricted to addressing a specific area to ensure that essential data is not overwritten by mistake and allows access to extended memory. This allows for a larger address space and more advanced features than Real Mode.

Protected Mode Drivers - Drivers that support Protected Mode. Protected Mode drivers typically offer more advanced features than Real Mode drivers.

Protocol - Special set of rules for communicating that components use when sending signals. Often described in an industry or national standard.

Protocol Stack - Layers of specialized sets of rules for computer communication that occur during a session. See Protocol.

Q

QIC - Stands for quarter-inch cartridge, a type of tape used for data backup.

Queue - A data structure used to prioritize multiple demands for a computer resource. Task requests are placed in order—either a "first in," "first out" or "last in," "first out."

R

RAID - Using multiple drives to create fault tolerance in case the master drive fails. Windows NT supports RAID levels 0,1, and 5.

RAID 5  - RAID 5 is an advanced fault tolerance system for data storage. RAID 5 requires at least 3 hard drives. If one hard drive fails in a RAID 5 system, data is not lost. If more than one hard drive fails in a RAID 5 system, all data is lost.

RAM (Random Access Memory)  - Computer memory that is both readable and writable. When the computer shuts down, RAM data is no longer maintained.

RAS (1) - Acronym for Remote Access Server. A remote access server is the computer and associated software that is set up to handle users seeking access to a network remotely.

RAS (2)  - Acronym for Remote Access Service. A Windows NT feature that enables users to log into LAN using a modem, X.25 connection, or WAN link. RAS works with the major network protocols, including TCP/IP, IPX, and NetBEUI.

Raster Font  - Typeface designed pixel by pixel, intended for computer monitor display. Scaling raster fonts lessens image quality. Also called a bitmap or screen font.

RAW - Stands for raw print spooling, used in Windows 3.1, a slower method of printing than the EMF method used in Windows 95.

Raw Spool Files  - Files created in Windows 3.1 when the print command is given.

Read Only  - An attribute assigned to a file that protects it from deletion or being altered. As the name implies, the file can only be displayed but not modified, overwritten, or deleted. 

Read/Write Heads  - Small electronic devices used to transform magnetic fields into electrical signals to read data from a disk or the opposite—to transform electric signals into magnetic fields to write data to a disk.

Real Mode  - Intel-based mode of program operation (beginning with the 286) where the processor can execute only one program at a time and access no more than 1MB of memory. Such programs are usually part of the O/S or part of the special application subsystem and can be trusted to know how to update system data.

Real Mode Driver - Driver that supports Real Mode, an older operating mode that enables the processor to execute only one program at a time.  Real Mode drivers were often the source of system crashes as they did not include memory boundary protection.

Reboot - Shutting down the computer, followed immediately by restarting.

Recycle Bin  - A default Windows 95 desktop icon, a container object, that holds all deleted  files. The Recycle Bin holds deleted files until you either retrieve them or throw them away permanently.

Refresh - Update displayed information, providing most current data.

Registry - A Windows internal database that contains data that controls hardware and characteristics of the computer. Windows programs continually reference the registry during normal operation.

Registry Editor - Software used to edit registry entries.

Registry Editor 32 - An advanced version of the Registry Editor. Registry Editor 32 allows you to add permissions to the registry, and is only available in Windows NT and 2000.

Remote Access Server (RAS) - A computer and associated software that is set up to handle users seeking access to a network remotely.

Remote Access Service (RAS) - A Windows NT feature that enables users to log into LAN using a modem, X.25 connection, or WAN link. RAS works with the major network protocols, including TCP/IP, IPX, and NetBEUI.

Remote Access Administrator (RASADMIN) - The Remote Access Administrator (RASADMIN) allows the administrator to configure the Remote Access Service (RAS). Security settings for RAS are controlled through RASADMIN.

Remote Boot Manager - The Remote Boot Manager is used to boot PCs running MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows from a centralized location.

RPC (Remote Procedure Call) - A protocol allowing a program running on one host to cause code to be executed on another host without the programmer needing understand network details.

REM - The DOS "remove" command.

Remove Hardware Wizard - A utility that provides a step-by-step interface to remove hardware from a computer.

Resource - A utility, file, or peripheral device that is useful to a client.

Restart - A command that causes the computer to reload its operating software.

Roaming User Profile - A user profile that is stored and configured to be downloaded from a server. It allows a user to access his/her profile from any network location.

ROM (Read Only Memory) - Stores data that never changes; data that must be saved even when the power is shut off, such as the CMOS setup and other boot up data.

ROM BIOS Chip - Read-only memory chip. It stores the read-only basic input/output system or BIOS programs that are needed for the system to be able to boot.

Run - A Start menu option that provides command line access to programs.

Run Length Encoded Bitmap File (RLE File) - Data compression technique used to minimize file sizes by encoding multiple consecutive occurrences of a given symbol.

S

.sys - File extension for a system file or driver.

SAM  (Security Accounts Manager) - The module of the Windows NT executive that authenticates a username and password in the account database.

ScanDisk - Utility which can repair certain kinds of disk errors.

Scheduling - In Windows 3.1x, an enhanced panel option that specifies how much of the system’s resources are reserved for the foreground application.

Screen Font - A font designed especially for a display screen. Typically, display fonts are bit-mapped and designed to compensate for the relatively low resolution of display screens. Also called a bitmap or raster font.

Script - A program which contains a set of instructions for an application or utility.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) - SCSI is a set of standard electronic interfaces that allows personal computers to communicate with peripheral hardware (e.g., disk drives, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, and scanners).  SCSI allows multiple devices to be daisy-chained together.

Search Engine - A program that is able to search the Internet for keywords and phrases, to help users locate information and/or specific Websites.

Sector - The smallest unit of data storage on a disk, usually 512 bytes.

Security Account Manager - Windows NT module that authenticates a username and password in the account database.

Security Provider - A Windows NT domain or workgroup computer that delegates user group resources and permissions.

Serial Interface - An interface used for the serial transmission of data. In this type of transmission, only one bit is transmitted at a time.

Serial Port - A port or interface that can be used for serial or sequential communication. of only 1 bit of data at a time. Devices that use serial ports include modems, mice, and printers.

Server - A computer than controls access and resources on a local area network (LAN). Also used to refer to a computer used on the Internet to respond to client requests, and store information for later retrieval.  A provider of resources to clients.

Server Manager - The Server Manager can add and remove computers from a domain. The Server Manager also allows the creation of shares, remotely stopping and starting services, and the sending of messages to users connected to a computer.

Service Packs - Updates and bug fixes for the Windows NT and Windows 2000 operating systems. Service packs are provided free of charge when downloaded from the Microsoft Web site.

Session - Active connection between a client and a peer (often a server) during which data and files are exchanged.

Settings - Start menu option that allows users access to Control Panel, Taskbar, and Printers features.

Setup - The process of preparing an application or program so that it will run on a computer.

Setup process - The procedures involved in preparing a software program or application to operate within a computer.

Shadow - Working like a shortcut, this creates a connection to an actual object on another computer.

Shadow RAM - The process of copying BIOS program code from slow ROM chips onto faster RAM chips. Also called ROM Shadowing.

Share-Level Security (Permissions) - A form of network security used on Windows systems in which networked resources (e.g. printers, folders, windows, etc.) are individually password protected.

Shell - A program providing access to the operating system.

Shortcut - A user-created desktop icon that provides quick access to a Windows object (like a program or file).

Shut Down - Start menu command for closing the operating system.

Sidekick - A popup TSR program that first appeared as a multi-tasking shell with DOS programs in the mid 1980s. It contained features like a calculator, a notepad, a calendar, etc.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - Protocol that governs electronic mail transmission and reception.

Single Domain Model - The simplest arrangement of client and server computers, since it operates in one unit.

Stack - Space wasted by a partially used cluster.

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) - Protocol that allows data packets to be transmitted over phone lines.

SMARTdrive - Microsoft's disk-caching program included with MS-DOS.

Soft Font - A font downloaded to a printer’s memory as needed from a disk. Also called downloadable font.

Software - Computer instructions that are stored electronically. There are two types of software: system software and application software. System software includes the operating system and all of the utilities that make computers function.  Examples of application software include Microsoft Excel and Word.

Sound Card - A multimedia card added to the motherboard that allows a computer to record and play sound.

Spool File - A file created by the spooler when the print command is given.

Stand Alone Server - A computer that only functions as a server and is not used as a workstation.

Start Menu - Accessed from the Start button on the left edge of the taskbar, the menu offers access to almost every program on the computer.

Startup Disk - A start-up disk is a floppy disk containing copies of the computer’s operating system files that can be used to start up the computer in case of a crash. Also called a system disk.

Static Electricity - An electrical charge that accumulates on an object. The discharge of static electricity can cause severe damage to an electrical circuit.

Static VxDs - Virtual device drivers that are loaded during boot up and stay loaded while the system is running. They are powerful drivers capable of directly accessing hardware.

Swap File - A hard drive file that holds parts of programs and data files that do not fit into memory.

Swapping - The process of transferring data to and from virtual memory.

SYSEDIT.EXE - A configuration utility for simultaneous configuration of some DOS and Windows configuration files.

System - DOS system attribute that declares that a file is required by the operating system, preventing it from being deleted. Also, the controlling program or operating software on a computer.

System Board - Another name for the motherboard or mainframe.

System Monitor - Peer-to-peer networking device that allows you to observe a number of system behaviors that can point to potential and actual problems.

SYSTEM.DAT - Registry file that contains information about hardware specifics and software specifics.

SYSTEM.INI - Initializes drivers, password lists, and DLL files needed for compatibility with old applications. Also used to configure some Windows features, such as the disk cache and virtual memory.

System Policy - A policy that controls what a user can do and controls the user’s environment. This can be applied to a specific user, group, computer, or all users.

System Policy Editor - The System Policy Editor allows an administrator to set network-wide security settings. For example, the administrator can hide desktop icons, prevent the user from changing display settings, or prevent the PC from being shut down.

System Resources - A Program Manager feature that lists available system resources.

T

Tab - Key used simultaneously with the Alt key to bring up each active program.

TAPI - Acronym for Telephony Application Programming Interface, and it facilitates communication between computers and telephone equipment.

Taskbar - A Windows 9x graphic bar that displays all active programs, and allows the user to switch back and forth between programs.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - TCP/IP is a routable protocol, which means that messages contain the address of a destination network and a destination device. This allows TCP/IP messages to be sent to multiple networks within an organization or around the world.  It is the standard protocol of the Internet.

TechNet - Worldwide information service designed for those who support or educate users, administer networks or databases, create automated solutions, and evaluate information technology solutions.

Telnet - Terminal emulation TCP/IP protocol used to access remote (host) computers.

Terabytes - A terabyte is 1,024 gigabytes, or exactly 1,099,511,627,776 bytes.

Text File - A text character file, such as a word processing or ASCII file.

The Road Ahead - A book written by Bill Gates that presents his vision for the future of technology.

Thread - The smallest executable unit of a process in a multi-threaded operating system.

Token Ring - Star network topology of LAN workstations connected in a ring with a token passing system to prevent collisions between workstations that attempt to send messages at the same time.

Token Passing - Refers to a networking system where bits of information are inserted into an empty frame that is examined by successive workstations and passed on.

TrueType Font - Font that, when printed, its hard copy appearance is consistent with its on-screen appearance. TrueType font files are stored as mathematical formulas in .TTF or .FOT files.

Trust Relationship - An administrative link that joins two or more domains.

Trusted Domain - A domain that can access objects located in a trusting domain.

Trusting Domains - A domain that grants users of a trusted domain access to its resources. .

TSR - Terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs remain loaded in memory to remain instantly accessible. Primarily used in DOS environments.

Tunneling - A method of avoiding protocol restrictions, in which the system wraps a message from one protocol in the packet for another, for transmission over a network.

Tunneling Protocol - Data transmission protocol which is designed to serve as a carrier for other data stream protocols.

Two-way Trust Relationship - A trust relationship where both domains involved have access to resources located in the other domain.

Typeface - The name given to a specific print character’s design. 

U

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – A protocol included in the TCP/IP suite. UDP provides more efficient data transmission than TCP but does not provide assurance of successful information delivery. UDP is great for video and audio, but not for important data.

UMA (Upper Memory Area) – The area of memory following conventional memory in real mode (DOS Memory). The UMA contains memory addresses for BIOS and video card access.

UMB (Upper Memory Blocks) – Unused blocks of addresses in the Upper Memory Area. Many drivers can be loaded into UMBs, freeing up conventional memory.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) – Tells the computer what type of site you are trying to access (such as WWW or FTP) and the address of where the site is located. An example of a URL is http://www.microsoft.com. The http:// specifies the type of site while www.microsoft.com specifies the location.

Uninstalling – Uninstall in a term that means to remove a software program. Windows 95 provides an efficient Add/Remove Programs feature for eliminating unwanted software programs.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) – A new external bus standard. It supports data transfer rates of 12 million bits per second. It is expected to eventually completely replace serial and parallel ports.

UNIX – A very powerful operating system often used on servers. Although UNIX is very stable, secure, and efficient, it is very difficult to use.

USB ports – A USB port is the physical interface designed to accept Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices.

USER.DAT – Registry file that contains information that is reflected in user profiles.

USER.EXE – Provides compatibility with Windows 9x for the 16-bit Windows 3x user interface.

USER32.EXE – The windows 9x 32-bit user interface.

User Interface – One of three main components of the operating system, the user interface allows the user to interact with the operating system and the computer. A user interface may be menu-driven, graphical, or a command line.

User-Level Security – A form of security used on network systems in which a user or administrator can have passwords to secure a network.

User Manager – The User Manager allows the administrator to create, remove, and configure user accounts on a computer or domain.

User  Manual – The booklet that accompanies a new computer. A good manual should explain computer setup, installation, usage, and main features.

User Mode – The non-privileged processor mode in which an application thread may only access system resources through system services.

User Profile – Personal data that is used to save each user’s desktop configuration.

Utility – Software program that takes care of the internal maintenance of the computer system such as editing files, compressing files, and undeleting files.

V

.vxd – File extension for a virtual device driver.

Vector Font – Another name for TrueType font. A vector font’s printed appearance is consistent with its on-screen appearance. Vector fonts are stored as mathematical formulas and stored as files with .TTF or .FOT extensions.

VFAT  – VFAT is a modified version of FAT16 that allows Windows 95 and later operating systems to support long filenames while retaining compatibility with earlier operating systems.

VGA (See Video Graphics Adapter or Video Graphics Array) – A VGA card is the hardware that determines a monitor’s on-screen resolution and color range capability. A VGA-supported monitor displays at least 256 separate colors, and a 640 x 480 pixels resolution.

Video Card – An adapter that produces a video signal for quick and efficient display. Sometimes called a video adapter or video board.

Video Driver – Software that functions as an interface between the video card and other computer programs. Works with the video card to help draw Windows objects.

Virtual Memory – Memory that has been made available by using the hard drive as virtual RAM, allowing the computer to run programs larger than it actually has the RAM to support.

Virtual Private Network (VPN) – A way to use public telecommunication infrastructures to provide remote users secure access to a network. For example, a private network set up on the Internet by way of encrypted transmissions. 

VM Manager (Virtual Machine Manager) – The interpreter that executes commands for the virtual machine.

VMM32.VXD – This file places the computer in protected mode and provides the same functions in Windows that IO.SYS provides in DOS. 

Virtual Machine (VM) – This refers to any abstract program that runs a computer that doesn’t exist physically, yet operates independently as a fully functional unit. For example, a 386 PC may be run in the Virtual 8086 Mode.

VPN (Virtual Private Network) – A way to use public telecommunication infrastructures to provide remote users secure access to a network. For example, a private network set up on the Internet by way of encrypted transmissions. 

W

WAN – Also called a wide area network. A communications network that connects clients both countrywide and worldwide.

Warm Boot – Starting up a computer using the restart button or by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Delete.

Web Server – A server that contains web pages and other files which is online to the Internet 24 hours a day.

Web Site – A collection of web pages and other files hosted by a web server which is online to the Internet 24 hours a day.

Wildcard – An asterisk or question mark, typically used along with a file extension, that takes the place of letters or words. Wildcard characters are useful for finding more than one file with common characteristics.

Win32 – A programming interface that is supported by all Microsoft’s 32-bit operating systems.

WIN.COM – Also call Loader, the WIN.COM file starts Windows and contains the WIN.CNF, LOG, and Run Length Encoded files.

WIN.INI – Windows 3.1 file that stores information about the appearance of the Windows environment.

Window – An onscreen display area where a program or utility functions.

Windows – The word windows (in lower case) generally refers the onscreen windows associated with a Microsoft Windows user interface. When capitalized, Windows refers to the Microsoft Windows program itself. 

Windows 2000/XP Disk Defragmenter – A free utility included with Windows 2000 and XP that can analyze fragmentation on a partition and defragment the partition if needed.

Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) – Part of the Windows NT Server, which manages and assigns IP addresses to workstation locations without any user or administrator being involved in the configuration.

Windows Explorer – Helps users find and open system files and folders. Presents a folder and companion file list for user selection.

Windows NT – Windows New Technology, or Windows NT, is a 32-bit operating system developed by Microsoft.

Windows NT Security – The Windows NT diagnostics tool (Administrative Tools/Common) contains a wealth of information about the hardware, the operating system, and the software of the system. All this information is accessible from one source in an easy-to-read format. It is a read-only utility but great for troubleshooting.

Windows NT Security – Measures taken to protect the NT network against accidental or intentional loss.

Windows 9x – An operating system based on the original Windows 95 operating system, including Windows 95, 98, and ME.

WINIPCFG – WINIPCFG performs the same function as IPCONFIG, but provides an easy to use graphical interface.

<WIN_ROOT> – Folder in which the Registry Editor is stored.

WinMSD  – A utility used to display resource and system information.

WINS – Windows Internet Name Service, or WINS, is part of the Windows NT Server. It manages and assigns IP addresses to workstation locations without any user or administrator being involved in the configuration.

WINS Manager – The WINS Manager is used to configure, add, and delete WINS servers. Statistics about WINS Servers can also be views from the WINS Manager.

Wizard – A user friendly utility within an application that helps you upload the application and use it.

Workgroup – A group of network users who share network resources.

Workstation – A computer intended for individual use but faster and  with more upgraded functionality than a personal computer.

WOS – Acronym for Workstation Operating System.

X

Y

Z

ZIP drives – The ZIP drive, developed by Iomega, uses disks capable of storing 100MB (old version) or 250MB (new version).